සිවුමංසල කොලූගැටයා #25: “බටහිර විද්‍යාව”, “සාම්ප්‍රදායික දැනුම” සහ දකුණු අප‍්‍රිකාවේ බිහිසුනු HIV/AIDS මංමුලාව

In my Ravaya column (in Sinhala) for 31 July 2011, I look back at South Africa’s HIV/AIDS misadventure under President Thabo Mbeki, who refused to accept the well-established scientific consensus about the viral cause of AIDS and the essential role of antiretroviral drugs in treating it. Instead, he and his health minister embarked on a highly dubious treatment using garlic, lemon juice and beetroot as AIDS remedies — all in the name of ‘traditional knowledge’.

It turned out to be a deadly experiment, and one of the worst policy debacles in the history of public health anywhere in the world. In 2008,  A study by Harvard researchers estimated that the South African government could have prevented the premature deaths of 365,000 people if it had provided antiretroviral drugs to AIDS patients and widely administered drugs to help prevent pregnant women from infecting their babies.

There are lessons for all governments addressing complex, technical issues: do not allow a vocal minority to hijack the policy agenda, ignoring well established science and disallowing public debate on vital issues.

South African cartoonist  Zapiro lampooned President Mbeki's HIV folly
South African cartoonist Zapiro lampooned President Mbeki’s HIV folly

AIDS රෝගය මුලින් ම වාර්තා වී වසර තිහක් ගත වී තිබෙනවා. අමෙරිකාවේ මුල් වරට මේ රෝග ලක්ෂණ සහිතව රෝගීන් වාර්තා වන්නට පටන් ගත්තේ 1981දී. එයට හේතුව HIV නම් වයිරසය බව සොයා ගත්තේ ඊට දෙවසරකට පසුව.

අද HIV/AIDS ලෝක ව්‍යාප්ත වසංගතයක් හා ලෝකයේ ප්‍රධාන පෙළේ සංවර්ධන අභියෝගයක් බවට පත්ව තිබෙනවා. අළුත් ම සංඛ්‍යා ලේඛනවලට අනුව 2009 වන විට HIV ශරීරගත වී ජීවත්වන සංඛ්‍යාව මිලියන් 33ක්. අළුතෙන් ආසාදනය වන සංඛ්‍යාව වසරකට මිලියන් 2.6ක්. HIV ආසාදන උත්සන්න අවස්ථාවේ AIDS රෝගය ඇති වී මිය යන සංඛ්‍යාව වසරකට මිලියන් 2ට වැඩියි.

HIV/AIDS ගැන විවිධ කෝණවලින් විග්‍රහ කළ හැකියි. දුගී දුප්පත්කම, බලශක්ති අර්බුද, පරිසර දූෂණය හා ගැටුම්කාරී තත්ත්වයන්ට මුහුණ දෙන දියුණුවන ලෝකයේ බොහෝ රටවලට ගෙවී ගිය දශක තුන තුළ HIV/AIDS නම් අමතර අභියෝගයට ද මුහුණ දීමට සිදු වුණා. එයින් දැඩි සේ පීඩාවට පත් දකුණු අප්‍රිකාවේ HIV/AIDS ප්‍රතිපත්තිය වසර ගණනක් අයාලේ ගිය කථාවයි අද විග්‍රහ කරන්නේ. මෑතදී මා නැවතත් දකුණු අප්‍රිකාවට ගිය අවස්ථාවේ මගේ දැනුම අළුත් කර ගන්නට ලැබුණු නිසායි.

ලෝකයේ වැඩි ම HIV ආසාදිත ජන සංඛ්‍යාවක් සිටින රට දකුණු අප්‍රිකාවයි. 2007 දී HIV සමග ජීවත් වන දකුණු අප්‍රිකානුවන් සංඛ්‍යාව මිලියන් 5.7 ක් පමණ වුණා. එනම් මුළු ජනගහනය මිලියන් 48න් සියයට 12ක්. එය එරට සෞඛ්‍ය අර්බුදයක් පමණක් නොව සමාජයීය හා ආර්ථීක ප්‍රශ්නයක් ද වෙනවා.

ජනාධිපති නෙල්සන් මැන්ඩෙලාගේ 1994-99 ධූර කාලයේ HIV/AIDS පිළිබඳව දකුණු අප්‍රිකාවේ සෞඛ්‍ය ප්‍රතිපත්ති සකස් වූයේ ලොව පිළිගත් වෛද්‍ය දැනුම හා උපදෙස් මතයි. HIV සමග ජීවත් වන අයට හැකි තාක් කල් නීරෝගීව දිවි ගෙවන්නට ඖෂධ සපයන අතරේ වයිරසය පැතිරයාම වැළැක්වීමේ දැනුවත් කිරීම් හා මහජන අධ්‍යාපන ව්‍යාපාරයක් දියත් වුණා.

Thabo Mbeki (left) succeeded Nelson Mandela
Thabo Mbeki (left) succeeded Nelson Mandela

එහෙත් ඔහුගෙන් පසු ජනාධිපති වූ තාබෝ එම්බෙකි (Thabo Mbeki) මේ ගැන ප්‍රධාන ප්‍රවාහයේ වෛද්‍ය විද්‍යාත්මක දැනුම ප්‍රශ්න කරන්නට පටන් ගත්තා. වෛද්‍ය විශේෂඥ දැනුමක් නොතිබුණත් තියුණු බුද්ධියකින් හෙබි එම්බෙකි, මෙසේ අසම්මත ලෙස සිතන්නට යොමු වුණේ HIV/AIDS ගැන විකල්ප මතයක් දරන ටික දෙනකුගේ බලපෑමට නතු වීම නිසයි.

මේ අයට ඉංග්‍රීසියෙන් AIDS Denialists කියනවා. ඔවුන්ගේ තර්කය AIDS රෝගය හට ගන්නේ HIV වයිරසය නිසා නොව දුප්පත්කම, මන්ද පෝෂණය වැනි සමාජ ආර්ථීක සාධක ගණනාවක ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙසින් බවයි.

එම්බෙකිගේ සෞඛ්‍ය ඇමතිනිය (1999-2008) ලෙස ක්‍රියා කළ මාන්ටෝ ෂබලාලා සිමැංග් (Manto Tshabalala Msimang) මේ අවුල තවත් ව්‍යාකූල කළා. HIV ආසාදනය පාලනය කරන බටහිර වෛද්‍ය විද්‍යාවේ ඖෂධ වෙනුවට සම්ප්‍රදායික අප්‍රිකානු දැනුමට අනුව සුදුළුෑනු, දෙහි සහ බීට්රූට් යුෂ ගැනීම සෑහෙන බවට ඇය ප්‍රසිද්ධියේ ප්‍රකාශ කළා!

මේ නිසා HIV වයිරසයට ප්‍රහාර එල්ල කිරීම වෙනුවට දුප්පත්කම පිටුදැකීම කළ යුතු යයි ස්ථාවරයකට එම්බෙකි යොමු වුණා. HIV මර්දන සෞඛ්‍ය කටයුතු අඩපණ කරන්නටත්, මහජන සෞඛ්‍ය සේවා හරහා ඖෂධ ලබා දීම නතර කිරීමටත් එම්බෙකි රජය පියවර ගත්තා.

HIV සමග ජීවත්වන බහුතරයක් දකුණු අප්‍රිකානුවන්ට AIDS රෝග ලක්ෂණ පහළ වී නැහැ. HIV ශරීරගත වීමෙන් පසු වසර හෝ දශක ගණනක් ජීවත්වීමේ හැකියාව අද වන විට වෛද්‍ය විද්‍යාත්මකව ලබා ගෙන තිබෙනවා. එහෙත් ඒ සඳහා නිතිපතා Anti-Retroviral (ARV) ඖෂධ ගැනීම අවශ්‍යයි.

බොහෝ දියුණු වන රටවල අඩු ආදායම් ලබන HIV ආසාදිතයන්ට මේ ඖෂධ ලබා දෙන්නේ රජයේ වියදමින්. HIV ආසාදිත කාන්තාවන්ට ARV ඖෂධ නිසි කලට ලැබුණොත් ඔවුන් බිහි කරන දරුවන්ට මවගෙන් HIV පැතිරීම වළක්වා ගත හැකියි. එහෙත් එම්බෙකි රජය HIV වයිරසය ගැන විශ්වාස නොකළ නිසා ප්‍රජනන වියේ සිටින HIV ආසාදිත කාන්තාවන්ට එම ඖෂධ දීමත් නතර කළා.

දකුණු අප්‍රිකාව ජාතීන්, භාෂා හා දේශපාලන පක්ෂ රැසක සම්මිශ්‍රණයක්. එමෙන් ම 1994 සිට නීතියේ ආධිපත්‍යය හා රාජ්‍යයේ බල තුලනය පවතින රටක්. ප්‍රජාතන්ත්‍රවාදී සම්ප්‍රදායයන් හා ආයතන ප්‍රබල කරන්නට සැබෑ උත්සාහ ගන්නා රටක්.

මෙබඳු රටක වුවත් වසර කිහිපයක් පුරා ජනාධිපතිවරයාට හා සෞඛ්‍ය ඇමතිනියට මෙබඳු ප්‍රබල ප්‍රශ්නයකදී මේ තරම් අයාලේ යන්නට ඉඩ ලැබුණේ කෙලෙසදැයි මා එරට විද්‍යාඥයන් හා මාධ්‍යවේදීන් කිහිප දෙනකුගෙන් ඇසුවා. ඔවුන් දුන් පිළිතුරුවල සම්පිණ්ඩනය මෙයයි.

තාබෝ එම්බෙකි යනු වර්ණභේදවාදයට එරෙහිව දශක ගණනක් අරගලයක යෙදුණු,  පාලක ANC පක්ෂයේ ප්‍රබල චරිතයක්. ඔහුගේ දේශපාලන කැපවීම පිළිබඳව විවාදයක් නැහැ. මැන්ඩෙලා 1994දී ජනාධිපති වන විට එම්බෙකි උප ජනාධිපති වුණා.

1994-99 කාලය තුළ එරට ආර්ථීක වර්ධනයට හා සමාජ සංවර්ධනයට නායකත්වය සැපයූ ඔහු අප්‍රිකානු කලාපයේ දක්ෂ රාජ්‍ය තාන්ත්‍රිකයකු ලෙස නමක් දිනා ගත්තා. මැන්ඩෙලා එක් ධූර කාලයකින් පසු කැමැත්තෙන් විශ්‍රාම ගිය විට එම්බෙකි ANC ජනාධිපති අපේක්ෂකයා වී ජයග්‍රහණය කළා.

පරිණත දේශපාලකයකු රටේ ජනාධිපති ලෙස මහජන ඡන්දයෙන් තේරී පත්ව සිටින විටෙක, වැරදි උපදෙස් නිසා එක් වැදගත් ප්‍රශ්නයක් සම්බන්ධයෙන් ඔහු නොමග යාමට අභයෝග කරන්නේ කෙසේ ද? දකුණු අප්‍රිකාවේ වෛද්‍යවරුන් හා අනෙක් විද්වතුනට තිබූ ප්‍රශ්නය එයයි. සාම්ප්‍රදායික දැනුම එක එල්ලේ හෙළා නොදැක, එහි සීමාවන් ඇති බව පෙන්වා දෙමින්, රටේ නායකයා හා සෞඛ්‍ය ඇමති සමග හරවත් සංවාදයක යෙදෙන්නට සීරුවෙන් හා සංයමයෙන් කටයුතු කරන්නට ඔවුන්ට සිදු වුණා.

South African cartoonist Zapiro ridicules HIV denialist health minister 'Madam Beetroot'
South African cartoonist Zapiro ridicules HIV denialist health minister ‘Madam Beetroot’

ANC පක්ෂය තුළ ම එම්බෙකිගේ HIV/AIDS ස්ථාවරය ගැන ප්‍රශ්න මතු වුණා. එහෙත් මැන්ඩෙලා මෙන් විකල්ප අදහස් අගය කිරීමේ හැකියාවක් එම්බෙකිට නොතිබූ නිසාත්, ජනාධිපති හැටියට වඩා ඒකමතික පාලනයක් ඔහු ගෙන යන්නට උත්සාහ කළ නිසාත් පක්ෂය ඇතුළෙන් දැඩි ප්‍රතිරෝධයක් ආවේ නැහැ.

2002 දී පැවති ANC පක්ෂ රැස්වීමකදී මැන්ඩෙලා මේ ගැන සාවධානව අදහස් දැක් වූ විට එම්බෙකි හිතවාදියෝ ‘ජාතියේ පියා’ හැටියට අවිවාදයෙන් සැළකෙන මැන්ඩෙලාට වාචිකව ප්‍රහාර එල්ල කළා. එයින් පසු මැන්ඩෙලා ද තම අනුප්‍රාප්තිකයාගේ HIV/AIDS ප්‍රතිපත්ති ප්‍රසිද්ධියේ ප්‍රශ්න කිරීමෙන් වැළකුණා.

එම්බෙකි හිතවාදියෝ එතැනින් නතර වුණේ නැහැ. සිය නායකයාගේ අසම්මත HIV/AIDS න්‍යායට එරෙහිව කථා කරන විද්‍යාඥයන් හා වෛද්‍යවරුන්ට මඩ ප්‍රහාර දියත් කළා. දකුණු අප්‍රිකාවේ සිටින ලොව පිළිගත් ප්‍රතිශක්තිවේදය පිළිබඳ විශේෂඥයකු වූ මහාචාර්ය මක්ගොබා (Prof Malegapura Makgoba) ජනාධිපතිගෙන් ඉල්ලා සිටියා ලොව හිනස්සන මේ න්‍යායෙන් අත් මිදෙන ලෙස.

මේ මහාචාර්යවරයා බටහිර විද්‍යාවට ගැතිකම් කරන, අප්‍රිකාවේ සාම්ප්‍රදායික දැනුම හෙළා දකින්නකු ලෙස ජනාධිපති කාර්යාලය විසින් හදුන්වනු ලැබුවා. සුදු ජාතික හෝ ඉන්දියානු සම්භවය සහිත විද්වතකු ජනාධිපති මතවාද ගැන ප්‍රශ්න කළ විට එය ‘කළු ජාතික නායකයාට අවමන් කිරීමේ’ සරල තර්කයකට ලඝු කරනු ලැබුවා.

මේ මඩ ප්‍රහාර හා රාජ්‍ය යාන්ත්‍රණයට එරෙහිව හඬක් නැගූ සුදු හා කළු ජාතික දකුණු අප්‍රිකානුවන් ටික දෙනකු ද සිටියා. ඔවුන් විද්‍යා ක්‍ෂෙත‍්‍රයෙන් පමණක් නොව සාහිත්‍ය, කලා සහ සාමයික ක්‍ෂෙත‍්‍රවලින් ද මතුව ආවා.

එහිදී  දැවැන්ත කාර්ය භාරයක් ඉටු කළේ කේප්ටවුන්හි ආච්බිෂොප් ඩෙස්මන්ඩ් ටූටූ. වර්ණභේදවාදයට, අසාධාරණයට හා දිළිඳුබවට එරෙහිව දශක ගණනක් තිස්සේ අරගල කරන, 1984 නොබෙල් සාම ත්‍යාග දිනූ ඔහු, මුළු ලෝකය ම පිළිගත් චරිතයක්. 1994න් පසු ඡන්දයෙන් බලයට පත් හැම රජයක ම හොඳ දේ අගය කරන අතර වැරදි ප්‍රතිපත්ති නොබියව විවේචනය කරන්නෙක්.

ඩෙස්මන්ඩ් ටූටූ මුලදී පෞද්ගලිකවත් පසුව මහජන සභාවලත් එම්බෙකිගේ HIV/AIDS මංමුලාව ගැන කථා කළා. මහජන උන්නතියට ඍජුව ම බලපාන මෙබඳු ප්‍රශ්න සම්බන්ධයෙන් විවෘත සංවාදයක් පැවතිය යුතු බවත්, බහුතර විද්වත් මතයට ගරු කිරීම ප්‍රජාතන්ත්‍රවාදී රජයක වගකීම බවත් ඔහු අවධාරණය කළා.

2004 දී එක් ප්‍රසිද්ධ දේශනයකදී ඔහු කීවේ: “සුදු පාලකයන්ට එරෙහිව අරගල කරන සමයේ අපි ඉතා ප්‍රවේශමෙන් කරුණු ගවේෂණය කර, තර්කානුකූලව ඒවා ඉදිරිපත් කළා. දැන් ටිකෙන් ටික ඒ වෙනුවට එහෙයියන්ගේ හා ප්‍රෝඩාකාරයන්ගේ සම්ප්‍රදායක් ඉස්මතු වෙමින් තිබෙනවා. HIV/AIDS ගැන ජනාධිපති එම්බෙකිගේ විශ්වාස මීට වඩා බෙහෙවින් විවාදයට ලක් කළ යුතුයි. අභියෝග හා විවාදවලට ලක් කිරීමෙන් සත්‍යයට හානි වන්නේ නැහැ. එය වඩාත් නිරවුල් වෙනවා. මෙසේ ප්‍රශ්න කිරීම නිසා මා ජනාධිපතිගේ හතුරකු වන්නේ නැහැ. ජනසම්මතවාදී සමාජවල නායකයා කියූ පළියට යමක් පරම සත්‍යය වන්නේ නැහැ. එය තර්කානුකූල හා සාක්ෂි මත පදනම් වී ඇත්දැයි විවාදාත්මකව විග්‍රහ කිරීම අත්‍යවශ්‍යයි.”

1991 නොබෙල් සාහිත්‍ය ත්‍යාගය දිනූ සුදු ජාතික දකුණු අප්‍රිකානු ලේඛිකා නැඩීන් ගෝඩිමර් ද මේ සංවාදයට එක් වුණා. 2004 දී ඇය ප්‍රසිද්ධ ප්‍රකාශයක් කරමින් කීවේ ජනාධිපති එම්බෙකීගේ අනෙක් සියළු ප්‍රතිපත්ති තමා අනුමත කරන නමුත් HIV/AIDS ගැන ඔහුගේ ස්ථාවරය පිළි නොගන්නා බවයි.

දකුණු අප්‍රිකාවේ ස්වාධීන ජනමාධ්‍ය ද ජනාධිපති හා ඇමතිනියන්ගේ HIV/AIDS මනෝ විකාර දිගට ම විවේචනය කළා. ඇමතිනියට Madam Beetroot හෙවත් ‘බීට්රූට් මැතිනිය’ යන විකට නාමය දෙනු ලැබුවා. එහෙත් මේ දෙපළ දිගු කලක් තම වැරදි මාර්ගයෙන් ඉවත් වූයේ නැහැ. විවේචකයන්ගේ දේශපාලන දැක්ම, ජාතිය හා සමේ වර්ණය අනුව යමින් මේවා හුදෙක් ‘විරුද්ධවාදීන්ගේ කඩාකප්පල්කාරී වැඩ’ ලෙස හඳුන්වා දුන්නා.

2002 වන විට ANC පක්ෂය තුළින්, රට තුළින් හා ජාත්‍යන්තර විද්වත් සමූහයා වෙතින් මතුව ආ ප්‍රබල ඉල්ලීම් හමුවේ ජනාධිපති එම්බෙකි එක් පියවරක් ආපස්සට ගත්තා. එනම් ආන්දෝලනයට තුඩු දුන් HIV/AIDS ප්‍රතිපත්ති ගැන මින් ඉදිරියට ප්‍රසිද්ධියේ කිසිවක් නොකීමට. ජනාධිපති මෙසේ මුනිවත රැක්කත් සෞඛ්‍ය ඇමතිනියගේ අයාලේ යාම තවත් කාලයක් සිදු වුණා.

2003 දී විශ්‍රාමික අමෙරිකානු ජනාධිපති බිල් ක්ලින්ටන් එම්බෙකි හමු වී පෞද්ගලික ආයාචනයක් කළා. නොමග ගිය දකුණු අප්‍රිකානු HIV/AIDS ප්‍රතිපත්ති නැවත හරි මඟට ගන්නට ක්ලින්ටන් පදනම විද්වත් හා මූල්‍ය ආධාර දීමට ඉදිරිපත් වූ විට එම්බෙකි එය පිළි ගත්තා. (මෙය ප්‍රසිද්ධ වූයේ වසර ගණනාවකට පසුවයි.)

එහෙත් එරට HIV/AIDS ප්‍රතිපත්ති යළිත් ප්‍රධාන ප්‍රවාහයට පැමිණීම එම්බෙකිගේ ධූර කාලය හමාර වන තුරු ම හරිහැටි සිදුවුණේ නැහැ. 2008 සැප්තැම්බරයේ ඔහු තනතුරින් ඉල්ලා අස් වූ පසු කෙටි කලකට ජනාධිපති වූ කලේමා මොට්ලාතේ තනතුරේ මුල් දිනයේ ම එම්බෙකිගේ සෞඛ්‍ය ඇමතිනිය ඉවත් කළා. ඒ වෙනුවට HIV/AIDS සම්බන්ධයෙන් කාගේත් විශ්වාසය දිනාගත් බාබරා හෝගන් සෞඛ්‍ය ඇමති ලෙස පත් කළා. ඇය ප්‍රතිපත්ති හරි මගට ගන්නට හා ARV ප්‍රතිකාර ව්‍යාප්ති කරන්නට ඉක්මන් පියවර ගත්තා.

එහෙත් ඒ වන විට අතිවිශාල හානියක් සිදු වී හමාරයි. 2008 නොවැම්බරයේ අමෙරිකාවේ හාවඩ් සරසවියේ පර්යේෂකයෝ ගණන් බැලීමක් කළා. 2002-2005 වකවානුවේ නොමග ගිය HIV/AIDS ප්‍රතිපත්ති නිසා ප්‍රතිකාර හා සෞඛ්‍ය පහසුකම් අහිමි වූ දකුණු අප්‍රිකානුවන් සංඛ්‍යාව පිළිබඳව. ඍජු හෝ වක්‍ර වශයෙන් 365,000ක් දෙනා මේ අවිද්‍යාත්මක ප්‍රතිපත්ති නිසා අකාලයේ මිය ගිය බව ඔවුන්ගේ නිගමනයයි. (ක්‍රමවේදය සඳහා බලන්න: http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/magazine/spr09aids/)

මේ ජීවිත හානි වලට වගකිව යුත්තේ කවුද?

දිවි සුරකින දැනුම සම්බන්ධයෙන් සෙල්ලම් කරන්නට යාමේ අවදානම හා එහි භයානක ප්‍රතිඵලවලට දකුණු අප්‍රිකාවේ HIV/AIDS මංමුලාව මතක හිටින පාඩමක්.

Hans Rosling and Gapminder: Unraveling the Joy of Stats!

Hans Rosling: Information Wizard
If you thought Al Gore was a data-happy geek, you should see Hans Rosling in action.

The Swedish medical researcher has a way with numbers. He brings heavy and dreary statistics into life using a combination of animated graphics and equally animated presentations. With the drama and urgency of a sportscaster, he uses a new presentation tool called Gapminder to debunk various myths about world – economic development, disparities and how well (or poorly) we share our planet’s resources.

Hans Rosling is Professor of International Health at Karolinska Institutet (which awards the Nobel Prize in medicine), but it’s his other role – as Director of the Gapminder Foundation – that he plays ‘statistics guru’ to the whole world. If you’re perplexed by lots of numbers, he’s the man who can make sense of it all.

In some ways, Rosling and Gapminder present in live action – and on video – what the Atlas of the Real World attempted to do in 2D maps: show the world as it is, with little or no distortion or misconceptions. That effort, published in late 2008, uses software to depict the nations of the world, not by their physical size, but by their demographic importance on a range of subjects.

I’ve watched a number of Rosling talks on video online. He makes no attempt to conceal his Scandinavian accent, and his English grammar is not always perfect. But it doesn’t matter: the guy has such mastery over his ideas and statistics, and a great stage presence too. He’s profound and funny at the same time, without being condescending that most experts and especially professors are.

Here’s an example of Rosling at his best: recorded in February 2006 in Monterrey, California:

No more boring data: TEDTalks

Rosling’s quest to use numbers to shatter stereotypes of rich and poor countries has brought him global prominence. He was one of the world’s “100 most important global thinkers” of 2009, according to Foreign Policy Magazine.

Look, no magic here!
Rosling was honored at #96 on the list for “boggling our minds with paradigm-shattering data“. The list is topped by (1) Ben Bernanke, the chairman of US Federal Reserve for his actions to turn the US depression and (2) President Barack Obama for “for reimagining America’s role in the world.”

Foreign Policy noted: “Rosling is well known for his energetic lectures, in which he narrates mind-blowing statistics on development and public health — as they literally move across a screen. Imagine x-y axes filled with data points, each representing a country. As time passes, the dots move, realigning to show changes in child mortality, percentage of paved roads, unemployment rates, or pretty much any other metric you can imagine.”

Here are some more examples of Rosling magic:

200 years that changed the world (with Hans Rosling)

For the first time, Gapminder can now visualize change in life expectancy and income per person over the last two centuries. In this Gapminder video, Hans Rosling shows you how all the countries of the world have developed since 1809 – 200 years ago.

Hans Rosling on HIV: New facts and stunning data visuals

Hans Rosling unveils new data visuals that untangle the complex risk factors of one of the world’s deadliest (and most misunderstood) diseases: HIV. He argues that preventing transmissions — not drug treatments — is the key to ending the epidemic.

Hans Rosling: Asia’s rise — how and when

This is one of the funniest Rosling talks I’ve watched online so far. Speaking at TEDIndia in November 2009, Rosling recalled how he was a young guest student in India when he first realized that Asia had all the capacities to reclaim its place as the world’s dominant economic force. He graphs global economic growth since 1858 and predicts the exact date that India and China will outstrip the US.

Note:
Rosling and Gapminder developed the Trendalyzer software that converts international statistics into moving, interactive and enjoyable graphics. The aim is to promote a fact-based world view through increased use and understanding of freely accessible public statistics. His lectures using Gapminder graphics to visualise world development have won awards by being humorous yet deadly serious. The interactive animations are freely available from the Foundation’s website. In March 2007 Google acquired the Trendalyzer software with the intention to scale it up and make it freely available for public statistics. Google has since made available as Motion Chart, a Google Gadget.

Scientists caution: Watching TV may shortern your life?

Was there life before Television?

Television has been called many names in the few decades it’s been around – among them the Great Wasteland and Idiot Box. Television used to be the favourite whipping boy of those who love to criticise communication technologies and consumer gadgets — until the Internet and mobile phones came along.

Couch potatoes of the world have ignored all snide remarks, and just carried on their sedentary practice.

Now they might have to think again: Television may be hazardous to your health in more ways than previously imagined. In fact, it might shorten your life.

A couple of weeks ago, Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC) Science reported some worrying news. It said Australian scientists have published research showing a link which suggests that the more TV a person watches, the sooner they die.

The report, which appears in the journal Circulation,says every extra hour spent watching television increases people’s risk of premature death.

Professor David Dunstan of the Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute in Melbourne, followed more than 8000 Australian adults for six years.

The team discovered that the people who watched the most TV died younger.

“What this study provides is the first compelling evidence linking television viewing to an increased risk of early death,” says Dunstan. “People who watch four or more hours of television a day have a 46% higher risk of death from all causes and 80% increased risk of death from cardiovascular disease.”

Read full report on ABC Science: TV shortens your life span, study finds

New Scientist, January 2008: Couch potato lifestyle may speed up ageing

Trivia: Robert Armstrong, an artist from California, developed the term couch potato in 1976. Several years later, he listed the term as a trademark with the United States government. Armstrong also helped illustrate a funny book about life as a full-time television watcher. It is called the “Official Couch Potato Handbook.”

Back to school for 2010: Beware of friendly new-comers!

Schools across Asia are re-opening this week after the Seasonal holidays. In some countries, as in Sri Lanka, it also marks the beginning of a new school year (we summer-less folks follow the calendar year).

So I want to share this great cartoon, recently drawn by Nate Beeler, the award-winning editorial cartoonist for The Washington Examiner.

New kid on the block?

This is no laughing matter. According to WHO, as of 27 December 2009, worldwide more than 208 countries and overseas territories or communities have reported laboratory confirmed cases of pandemic influenza H1N1 2009, including at least 12220 deaths.

The WHO director-general, Margaret Chan, said on 4 January 2010 that the swine flu — influenza A(H1N1) — pandemic may not be conquered until 2011.

So watch out – but just how do we get kids to stop being…kids?

I still haven’t figured that out. Have you?

Blog post in May 2009: Good communications to combat swine flu?

Now on MediaChannel.org: Good communications to combat swine flu?

They turn the spotlight inwards...
They turn the spotlight inwards...

MediaChannel.org has just published my latest op ed essay titled: Good communications to combat swine flu?

7 May 2009: New Age newspaper in Bangladesh has reprinted the essay

24 May 2009: The Hindu newspaper in India has reprinted the essay in its Sunday Magazine

In this essay, I have expanded some points originally made in two recent blog posts, on 30 April and 1 May 2009.

Here’s an excerpt:

“Flu shots, quarantine measures and hospital care alone cannot counter the current flu outbreak. While medical doctors and researchers spearhead the public health response, we need the mass media and other communicators to mount the public awareness response. Ideally, they should reinforce each other.

“For the first time in history, we now have the technological means to quickly reach out to most of humanity. More than four billion mobile phones are in use, a majority of them in the developing world. Nearly a quarter of the world population (over 1.5 billion people) have access to the web, even if at varying levels of bandwidth. Thousands of radio and TV channels saturate the airwaves – these still are the primary source of news and information for billions.

“Can these information and communication technologies (ICTs) help disseminate the right kind of flu awareness? How fast can we mobilise 24/7 media outlets and telecom networks to inspire preventive and curative action? What can the blogging, texting and twittering new media activists do in such efforts?”

Stop the virus, but not the news!
Stop the virus, but not the news!
Looking for models of communicating against an infectious epidemic, I recall the Asian experience with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) . I summarise in this essay the public interest roles played by Asian media during the SARS crisis, which has been studied and analysed in considerable detail.

I then return to one of my favourite points about communicating disasters and crises: the need for credible messages and credible messengers. This was a core theme in the Asian book on Communicating Disasters that I co-edited in 2007. I also highlighted it in this interview given to APC in early 2008.

Here’s how my essay ends: “Whether it is SARS, HIV or tsunami, many Asian governments have suffered from a credibility gap in managing information about emergencies. For example, the initially slow and guarded media reporting on SARS allowed the virus to spread quickly in China, with devastating results. We cannot afford to repeat these mistakes with the latest flu pandemic.

“Nearly a century ago, British author H G Wells talked about human history being a race between education and catastrophe. In the coming weeks, we would find out if humanity has what it takes to outrun and outsmart a stubborn virus.

Read the full essay at MediaChannel.org

Read my op ed essay in SciDev.net in Dec 2005: A Long Last Mile: The lesson of the Asian tsunami

MediaChannel have published my op ed essays before. They were the first to publish, in June 2006, my global call for the broadcast industry to recognise poverty as a copyright free zone. And when Al Jazeera English channel was launched at the end of 2006, MediaChannel carried my essay on ethical news gathering as the biggest challenge for the new global TV network.

My latest essay is a humble birthday present to MediaChannel.org as it completes 10 years. Unique among websites, MediaChannel.org holds the rest of the media accountable with the best of the world’s media criticism and analysis — offering news, diverse global perspectives, and commentaries tracking international news flows. They cover breaking controversies, showcase change-makers, trends and cutting edge issues that you need to know about – produced by journalists for journalists and citizens.

MediaChannel’s co-founder Danny Schechter is one of my media heroes – he was Moving Images Person of the Year 2008.

“Our survival alone is a cause for celebration – a decade of growth and impact is impressive in ‘Internet years’,” wrote the website’s founders in a special 10th anniversary message. They added: “Over the past 10 years, we have survived financial crises and organized hack attacks. We have managed to remain relevant and on the cutting edge in a quickly evolving online landscape when many other sites and organizations have come… and gone.”

The team is making an urgent appeal for donations to keep this excellent service going. I’m very happy to amplify this – few services can deliver better value for money, and our troubled times and troubled media sure need the soul-searching constantly provided by MediaChannel.org

Ten years of kicking ass!
Ten years of kicking ass!

Mosquito SPLAT: New Facebook game to support malaria research

I just killed a few dozen ‘girls’ before breakfast. It wasn’t always easy or pleasant, and after a while there was blood all over the place. But I feel good about getting them – and I saved an innocent baby in the process, and even helped a researcher doing good work!

The ‘girls’ are malaria carrying mosquitoes, and I was playing a new Facebook game called Mosquito SPLAT that was released this week to mark World Malaria Day 2009.

Now online: a game we have played over millennia against 'em blood suckers...
Now online: a game we have played over millennia against 'em blood suckers...

The aim of the game is to use the fly squatter to SPLAT mosquitoes before the baby gets malaria. For each mosquito you SPLAT, you score 10 points. For every 100 points scored, advertisers will make a donation to support malaria research projects at the National Institute for Medical Research in Tanzania. We also score 10 points for everyone we invite to play the game – plus there’s a link taking us to an online donation page in case we want to support the research directly.

“It’s quick, easy and fun, and a great way to do your part for one of the most serious global health problems in the developing world,” say the game’s promoters.

Indeed. Nearly 500 million cases of malaria occur each year, resulting in over one to three million deaths (figures online vary enormously on this). Malaria is particularly devastating in Africa where it is a leading killer of children. Every 30 seconds a child in Africa dies from malaria.

The fact is, malaria deaths are entirely preventable with modest investment and spread of knowledge that mosquitoes spread malaria (not everyone knows this, and as I wrote in another blog post, that’s a challenge that educators and broadcasters are now working on).

McLaughlin-Rotman Center for Global Health: Taking anti-malaria campaign online
McLaughlin-Rotman Center for Global Health: Taking anti-malaria campaign online
But more needs to be done to engage the Digital Natives in this global public health challenge. It’s not just the exposed people in malaria-prevalent parts of Africa, Asia and Latin America who are at risk. As development economist Jeffrey Sachs has been reminding us eloquently, malaria reduces productivity, increases poverty, weakens people’s bodies and makes them vulnerable to other diseases. In a globalised world, such massive suffering in some parts of the world would quickly manifest in different ways all over the planet.

Mosquito SPLAT is a partnership between the McLaughlin-Rotman Center for Global Health at the University Health Network and the University of Toronto and the UN Foundation’s Nothing But Nets campaign. The Mosquito SPLAT game is part of Malaria Engage, an initiative to enlist people directly in the anti-malaria battle by supporting malaria research projects in the developing world.

Click here to engage your Facebook friends to support malaria research.

Little biology lesson: Usually, people get malaria by being bitten by an infective female Anopheles mosquito. Only Anopheles mosquitoes can transmit malaria, and they must have been infected through a previous blood meal taken on an infected person. When a mosquito bites an infected person, a small amount of blood is taken, which contains microscopic malaria parasites. About one week later, when the mosquito takes its next blood meal, these parasites mix with the mosquito’s saliva and are injected into the person being bitten.

Message placement: Gates Foundation discovers TV soaps are good for health!

There's still time for TV to redeem itself...
There's still time for TV to redeem itself...
In the developing (or majority) world, we have been doing it for years: embedding subtle messages on health, environment, family planning or civic behaviour in popular, highly-rated entertainment shows on television.

In parts of Asia, Africa and Latin America, there is a long history of collaboration among non-formal educators, advocacy groups and broadcast companies to mix entertainment with public education — a difficult balance to achieve without putting off viewers who tune in for entertainment. See, for example, my coverage of the BBC World Service Trust’s work in India.

Now, it seems, this ‘edu-tainment‘ approach is also being tried out seriously in the home of ‘soap operas’ or television drama: the United States.

A recent report in the New York Times describes how the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation is working with video production companies and broadcast networks to shape story lines and insert health-related messages into popular entertainment like the television shows “ER,” “Law & Order: SVU” and “Private Practice.”

Already, the foundation’s messages on HIV prevention, surgical safety and the spread of infectious diseases have found their way into these shows.

The report, written by Tim Arango and Brian Stelter, said: “Now the Gates Foundation is set to expand its involvement and spend more money on influencing popular culture through a deal with Viacom, the parent company of MTV and its sister networks VH1, Nickelodeon and BET.”

They called it “message placement”: the social or philanthropic corollary to product placement deals in which marketers pay to feature products in shows and movies. Instead of selling Coca-Cola or G.M. cars, they promote education and healthy living.

Some viewers in television-saturated US might say: it’s about time! In the past, many American companies producing entertainment content have resisted approaches from social activists to use the mass medium for public good.

In the late 1980s, when I shared some Asian experiences of mixing television drama and public education at an international science communication conference in Spain, American academics and journalists in the audience were intrigued. “But this can never happen in the United States…we keep our education and entertainment separate, and with good reason!” one of them said during question time.

Clearly, those hard attitudes have been changing slowly. As the NYT article says: “The efforts of philanthropies to influence entertainment programming is not new…. The Kaiser Family Foundation, which focuses on health issues, has been doing such work for a dozen years. It has worked story lines about H.I.V. and AIDS into programs on CBS and UPN (now known as the CWnetwork), including the reality show “America’s Next Top Model.”

Left, ABC’s “Private Practice,” and NBC’s “Law & Order: SVU.” The story lines of both shows have spread the health-related messages of the Gates Foundation. Images courtesy ABC & NBC
Left, ABC’s “Private Practice,” and NBC’s “Law & Order: SVU.” The story lines of both shows have spread the health-related messages of the Gates Foundation. Images courtesy ABC & NBC

The Norman Lear Center at the University of Southern California’s Annenberg School for Communication is at the forefront of blending entertainment with public education. “There’s a lot of research that shows that when a character in a series says, ‘I’m going to be an organ donor,’ it’s effective, more effective than giving out a pamphlet,” said Martin Kaplan, director of the Centre.

The Centre has a Hollywood, Health & Society programme that provides entertainment industry professionals with accurate and timely information for health storylines. It organises meetings between health specialists and script writers for entertainment shows – not just drama, but also reality and variety shows.

“Our view is you don’t have to sacrifice entertainment value to be accurate,” Kaplan is quoted as saying in the NYT article.

That’s a view – and experience – shared by TV writers, producers and programme managers from Mexico to South Africa, and from India to the Philippines. In fact, this is an approach the Gates Foundation should consider rolling out in the majority world countries where they are already a key player in selected areas of health and development. Despite the recent spread of broadband internet, broadcast television is still the dominant mass medium – and primary source of news and entertainment – for most people in much of the developing world. That’s billions of eyeballs we’re talking about – and the cost of producing quality entertainment (even with education subtly embedded in some places) is significantly less than in the west.

In short, Gates can get a bigger bang for its bucks on the airwaves in the global South. And there’s really no need to convince TV industry gate-keepers and producers on how edu-tainment works: they’ve been at it for years, using whatever resources they can find.

Read full article: Messages With a Mission, Embedded in TV Shows, NYT 2 April 2009

Missing Mothers: How acronyms and jargon can kill innocent women

iwd_5“This year alone, more than 500,000 women will die during pregnancy or childbirth. That’s one woman missing every minute of every day. We call these women ‘missing’ because their deaths could have been avoided. In fact, 80 per cent of maternal deaths could be averted if women had access to essential maternal health services.

“We know where and how these women are dying, and we have the resources to prevent these deaths. Yet, maternal mortality is still one of the most neglected problems internationally.”

This sobering message from Unicef is worth reflecting upon as we mark another International Women’s Day.

Unfortunately, critical issues like these often don’t make the news – or worse, are relegated to the background as inevitable. As Joseph Stalin said in a different context, one death is a tragedy; a million deaths a mere statistic.

The challenge to the development community is to go beyond simply counting deaths in cold, clinical terms. UNICEF has recently released a two minute video, “Missing Mothers” as a tool for international development professionals to use in raising awareness of the issue of mothers dying needlessly.

Having a baby is both a very natural process and a joyous occasion for the parents and extended family concerned. Yet having a baby still remains one of the biggest health risks for millions of women worldwide.

Time to make missing women count...
Time to make missing women count...
As Unicef’s 2009 State of the World’s Children report reminded us recently, 1,500 women die every day in the world due to complications arising during pregnancy and childbirth. The chances of a woman in developing countries dying before or during childbirth are 300 times greater than for a woman in an industrialised country like the United States. Such a gap does not exist in any other social indicator.

The largest number of maternal deaths in the world is in South Asia. In India alone, an estimated 141,000 women die each year during pregnancy or childbirth. Recently, my Indian journalist friend Kalpana Sharma wrote a perceptive column on this topic in The Hindu newspaper.

She noted: “The solution has been known for years. The problem is the will to make it work. We also know that the solution would benefit everyone, not just women. Yet, affordable and accessible health care, for instance, has not received the thrust that is needed.”

The Missing Women video suggests to activists and campaigners that action can start with five steps: 1. Educate girls, young women and yourself; 2. Respect their rights; 3. Empower them to participate; 4. Invest in maternal health; 5. Protect against violence and abuse. The Unicef website, meanwhile, lists 10 ways in which concerned individuals can make a difference.

All very commendable and necessary — but not sufficient. With all the good intentions in the world, Unicef’s experts and officials come across as, well, detached and geeky. They don’t connect well enough to the real world people whose needs and interests they are genuinely trying to serve. Their messages are lost somewhere in their precise terms, jargon and endless acronyms.

Just take, for example, the very phrase of maternal mortality itself. Precise but also very stiff and dry. Who outside the medical and development circles uses such terms in conversation? When I write or make films about the issue, I prefer to call it ‘mothers dying needlessly while having babies’. Yes, it’s more wordy and perhaps less exacting. But most ordinary people would get what I’m talking about.

If the jargon-ridden language reads dry in text, it completely puts off people when they watch such words being spoken on video. Such films may pander to the Narcissism of Unicef mandarins, but they completely flop in terms of public communication and engagement.

This is the same point I made in October 2008 when commenting on the Unicef-inspired first Global Handwashing Day: “Passion used to be the hallmark of UNICEF during the time of its legendary executive director James Grant, who strongly believed in communicating messages of child survival and well-being. He gave UNICEF a head start in working with the media, especially television.”

Jim Grant’s deputy, journalist Tarzie Vittachi, who came over to the UN children’s agency after a stint at the UN population fund, used to say: “Governments don’t have babies; people do”. We might extend that to: inter-governmental agencies don’t have babies; real women do. That may be why Unicef insists on delivering its life-saving messages so riddled in politically and scientifically correct, but so sterile language.

Unicef’s YouTube channel has a number of short videos related to what they insist on calling maternal mortality. Here’s an example where Unicef’s Chief of Health Dr. Peter Salama says it’s really an unconscionable number of deaths, and a human tragedy on a massive scale:



MDG5: Save Our Moms!
MDG5: Save Our Moms!
Reducing by three quarters the number of mothers dying needlessly while having babies is one of the Millennium Development Goals or MDGs, the holy grail in international development since the United Nations adopted these in 2000, setting 2015 as the target date.

We have now passed the half way mark, but progress has been patchy and unimpressive. And it will remain so as long as the UN agencies and other development players insist on peddling jargon and acronyms. Considering the issues of life and death involved here, we must view bad communication as a killer — joining the ranks of unsafe drinking water and violence against women and girls.

Writing an editorial for SciDev.Net in September 2005, I noted: “All development workers and UN officials should take a simple test: explain to the least technical person in your office the core message and relevance of your work. Many jargon-using, data-wielding, acronym-loving development workers would probably fail this test. But unless development-speak is translated into simpler language, the MDGs will remain a buzzword confined to development experts and activists.”

I don’t believe in ghosts, but it’s time to bring back the spirits of Jim Grant and Tarzie Vittachi to Unicef to again humanise the agency so mired in its own ‘geekspeak’. The intellectual rigours of evidence-based, scientific analysis must be balanced with clarity and accessibility. It’s fine to be informed by science, but learn to say it simply, clearly and concisely.

The lives of half a million women and millions of children depend on it.

‘The Final Inch’: Real ‘Oscar’ would be polio’s global eradication!

Not longer just a drop in the ocean...
No longer just a drop in the ocean..?
The Final Inch didn’t win the Oscar for the best short documentary film made in 2008. But the nomination has given a boost to the film and its cause: even before its official release in April 2009, it is already raising global awareness on the major public health challenge of banishing polio from the planet.

The Final Inch is a testament of the health workers around the world laboring to make polio the second globally eliminated disease behind small pox, says director Irene Taylor Brodsky.

The 37-minute film, due to air on HBO on 1 April 2009, looks at the “the final stages of a 20 year initiative” to eradicate polio. It focuses the polio vaccine efforts in India and Pakistan, which are among the last four countries where polio is still endemic (the other two being Afghanistan and Nigeria).

Watch the trailer for The Final Inch:

The campaign to eradicate polio is now 21 years old. World Health Organisation (WHO), UNICEF and Rotary Foundation embarked on this campaign in earnest in 1988, and as a young (and equally earnest) science journalist, I remember writing about its early strategies, goals and targets. But the virus has proven to be a lot more stubborn than originally expected.

Well, the campaign has scored remarkable victories, and a little over 1,600 people in the world were stricken by polio in 2008. (AIDS and malaria, in contrast, killed more than three million people.) Compare that with 350,000 cases per year when the global onslaught started, and we see there has indeed been progress.

But the virus – and the crippling disease it causes – persists in several poor, densely populated countries in Asia and Africa. Updates are available from Global Polio Eradication Initiative.

Thus it’s the ‘last inch’ – or last mile, if you like – that’s proving the hardest to traverse. In a perceptive essay published in Newsweek in January 2009, Fred Guterl noted: “It’s not easy to wipe a disease off the face of the planet—especially one like polio, which spreads easily and quickly through contact and occasionally through contaminated food and water. Only one in 200 children who contract the virus shows symptoms (usually paralysis), which makes the other 199 silent carriers.”

It’s not just biology that polio eradicators are up against. Indeed, human superstition and religious dogma have made the final inch particularly contentious and treacherous for public health workers.

In 2005, TVE Asia Pacific started distributing a global documentary on immunisation called Fragile Lives: Immunization at Risk. It showed how at least 2 million children die every year from diseases that that vaccination could easily prevent.

Foot soldiers of the largest non-military army in history engaged in its final battle
Foot soldiers of the largest non-military army in history engaged in its final battle
At one point, the film takes us to Uttar Pradesh, in northern India, to show how polio, eradicated in most of the world, stubbornly persists in a few countries. This very poor state with its 272 million inhabitants had two thirds of the world’s polio. We talk to the glamorous young cricketer, Mohamed Kaif, who helps publicise a massive campaign to get every single child to the vaccination booths. The film discovers the strange reason behind why so many Muslim parents refuse to have their children vaccinated.

The Final Inch features the heroic efforts of Munzareen Fatima, a field worker in Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, who is a part of UNICEF’s Social Mobilisation Network for ensuring vaccination coverage. She reaches out to her target group through personal and public intervention programmes.

As she told IANS: “It has been a tough journey for me over the last five years to convince 470 families at Dufferin block in Khairnagar to administer polio drops to their children. I met with resistance from the families, who initially refused to immunise their children. The conservative community also belittled me for stepping out of home to campaign against polio.”

India is not alone. If anything, misplaced resistance to polio vaccination has been stronger in Pakistan. As IPS reported in August 2006, the country’s drive against polio was hit by both rumours and litigation.

The news story, filed by Ashfaq Yusufzai in Peshawar, noted: “The reliability and safety of oral polio vaccine (OPV) has been put under scrutiny in Pakistan after wild rumours that it causes impotency snowballed into a writ petition in a high court.”

Bill Gates: geek power and bucks to battle polio...
Bill Gates: geek power and bucks to battle polio...
Religion-inspired superstitions have often stood in the way of achieving sufficient vaccination coverage, leaving room for viruses to spread again. Religious leaders sometimes strengthen the hand of those making pseudoscientific claims, says South African science writer George Claassen. Writing in SciDev.Net in April 2008, he noted: “Attempts to eliminate polio in Nigeria, for example, ran into problems when Datti Ahmed, the chair of the Supreme Council for Sharia in Kano state, referred to the Global Polio Eradication Initiative as ‘modern-day Hitlers… who have deliberately adulterated the oral polio vaccines with antifertility drugs and contaminated them with certain viruses which are known to cause HIV and AIDS.'”

This brings up an interesting scenario of virus vs. virus. Richard Dawkins, the well known British evolutionary biologist and writer, has called religion the most malevolent form of a ‘mind virus’. According to Dawkins, faith − belief that is not based on evidence − is one of the world’s great evils. He claims it to be analogous to the smallpox virus, though more difficult to eradicate.

Of course, the mistrust of vaccines is not just limited to the developing world, nor is it always inspired by religion or superstition. Sometimes over-protective moms can be just as irrational. Fragile Lives, for example, took us to Dublin, Ireland, where there have been two serious outbreaks of measles – largely due to mothers rejecting vaccination because of the MMR controversy. In some parts of Ireland only 60% instead of the necessary 95%, have been vaccinated.

Bill Gates and mosquitoes: World’s top geek now works for its meek

More bugs from Gates...
More bugs from Gates...
Bill Gates can’t seem to get enough of bugs.

On 4 February 2009, he let loose a swarm of mosquitoes at the TED 2009 technology, entertainment and design conference in California to highlight the dangers of malaria.

“Malaria is spread by mosquitoes,” he reminded his audience of leading scientists, designers, researchers and entrepreneurs. Turning to an upturned jar on stage, he announced: “I brought some. Here…I’ll let them roam around. There is no reason only poor people should be infected.”

Luckily, the mosquitoes were not carrying the disease. But it had the intended effect. Wired editor Chris Anderson, curator of the show, suggested a headline: “Gates releases more bugs into the world”.

Watch Bill Gates’s mosquito moment:

Watch the full 20-minute video of Bill Gates at TED 2009

As stunts go, this one was pretty mild and harmless. There are many shocking ways in which the harsh daily realities of the world’s poor can be brought into gatherings of the rich and famous. They could be served glasses of the contaminated, sludgy (and often smelly) water that tens of millions drink everyday. Or all the toilets could be locked up and the keys thrown away – for good. Or electricity supply could be cut off, or frequent ‘black-outs’ or ‘brown-outs’ could be staged. You get the idea…

Of course, few event organisers would dare try any of these, if only for health and safety considerations. Reminds me of a rare exception: when he was director of information with the UN’s population agency (UNFPA), journalist-turned-UN official Tarzie Vittachi once hosted delegates of a high level meeting to lunch which consisted soley of a bread roll and a glass water. He told his guests: the meal was better more than what most poor people in the global South on any given day.

Bill to the rescue...
Bill to the rescue...
Meanwhile, billions of poor and needy – and not just those in the majority world – are glad that Bill Gates caught the ‘development bug’ and has switched his formidable creative energies (not to mention his billions) to address their survival issues. The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation – which carefully manages the giving away of Gates wealth – operates on the belief that all lives have equal value. “We think all people deserve the chance to have healthy, productive lives”.

They have set priorities such as improving health and reducing extreme poverty in the developing world, and improving high school education in the United States.

The New York Times columnist Nicholas Kristof recently described it as a paradox: “In these brutal economic times, one of the leading advocates for the world’s poorest people is one of the richest.”

He noted: “Mr. Gates ended his full-time presence at Microsoft last July and since then has thrown himself into work at his foundation. He is now trying to do to malaria, AIDS, polio and lethal childhood diarrhea what he did to Netscape, and he just may succeed.”

In his TED talk, Bill Gates addressed two questions that occupy much of his time these days: How do we stop Malaria? How do you make a teacher great?

Look, no computers!
Look, no computers!
He said: “The market does not drive scientists, thinkers, or governments to do the right things. Only by paying attention and making people care can we make as much progress as we need to.”

He called for greater distribution of insect nets and other protective gear, and revealed that an anti-malaria vaccine funded by his foundation and currently in development would enter a more advanced testing phase in the coming months.

“I am an optimist; I think any tough problem can be solved,” he said. That’s the geek in him talking: marshall all information, analyse problems, respond strategically — and keep at it.

A friend who now works with the Gates Foundation confirms how the charity seeks evidence and rigour in all its social investments. This is no bleeding-heart do-gooding or ‘social work’ for its CSR value. The new wave of geeks lining up to serve the meek bring business acumen to the development sector long under-served by unimaginative aid agencies and self-serving UN organisations.

As Kristof wrote: “Gates ended his full-time presence at Microsoft last July and since then has thrown himself into work at his foundation. He is now trying to do to malaria, AIDS, polio and lethal childhood diarrhea what he did to Netscape, and he just may succeed.”

Gates has announced that despite the economic crisis the Gates Foundation will increase spending by US$500 million this year.

In late January 2009, the billionaire philanthropist released the first ‘Annual Letter from Bill Gates‘ where he discussed his work at the foundation and spoke candidly about what has gone well, what hasn’t.

He compared his earlier work at Microsoft with the challenges he now tackles at the charitable foundation. “What I’ve found now is that really those same key elements are there. The opportunity for big breakthroughs is absolutely just as great–now it’s vaccines, it’s seeds that have better yield, it’s ways of sharing teaching practices…they will take the same kind of patience that we had for software breakthroughs.”

Just ahead of the letter’s release, Nicholas Kristof talked with Bill Gates about why aid to developing countries is more important during the economic downturn and vaccine breakthroughs on the horizon. Watch the interview:

Read: Bill Gates’s Next Big Thing by Nicholas D Kristoff, published in the New York Times on 24 January 2009