Tag: structural violence

When I was invited to speak at World Conference on Youth 2014, being held in Colombo, Sri Lanka, this week, I accepted on one condition: that I don’t have to ‘clear’ my remarks with anyone before delivering. (This precaution was necessary as the host government of Sri Lanka is not known for its capacity to accommodate divergent or dissenting points of view.)

The organisers — Ministry of Youth Affairs & Skills Development —  kept their word, and I just spoke at a session on Realising Peace, Reconciliation and Ending Violence. The theme is apt, especially in view of forthcoming fifth anniversary of the end of Sri Lank‘s civil war.

Alas, we had no opportunity to discuss any of the speeches due to sessions starting late. But I was able to engage several youth delegates, both from Sri Lanka and around the world, who apparently shared my idealism.

Here then is the text of my remarks (slightly ad-libbed during delivery):

Theme: Realising Peace, Reconciliation and Ending Violence

Remarks by Nalaka Gunawardene

Science writer, columnist and blogger          

I thank the organisers for this opportunity.

Participating today reminds me of the IDEALISM, HOPE & PASSION with which I took part in similar events in my own youth – which was not that long ago!

In particular, I remember two instances:

A quarter century ago, as an undergraduate, I took part in an Asian regional Model United Nations conference held in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The topic assigned to our group was VIOLENCE WITHIN AND BETWEEN SOCIETIES.

In all eagerness, we explored big questions such as:

• Do we humans have an evolutionary inclination for aggression and violence?
• What socio-economic factors trigger youth unrest and insurrection?
• How does culture aggravate or mitigate conflicts?

For several days, a few dozen of us from across Asia discussed and debated this and other key concerns.

Five years later, as a young journalist, I had the opportunity to attend the World Youth Leadership Summit, held at the UN headquarters in New York. In the fall of 1995, around 200 of us from around the world came together to discuss the state of the world – and our role in shaping its future!

Again, a key topic that occupied our minds was the RISING VIOLENCE WITHIN OUR SOCIETIES. Not just civil wars and crime — but also INSTITUTIONALISED DISCRIMINATION and STRUCTURAL VIOLENCE.

These discussions enhanced my understanding of violence, which has become more SOPHISTICATED and INSIDIOUS in today’s world.

STRUCTURAL VIOLENCE as a concept was introduced in 1969 by the Norwegian sociologist and peace researcher Johan Galtung. He defined it as: “any form of violence where some social structure or social institution may harm people by preventing them from meeting their basic needs”.

There are many examples of STRUCTURAL VIOLENCE in our societies. Among them:

• institutionalized elitism;
• ethno-centrism;
• racism;
• sexism; and
• nationalism

STRUCTURAL VIOLENCE affects people differently in various social structures, and is closely linked to SOCIAL INJUSTICE.

So, in a broad sense, campaigns for HUMAN RIGHTS & SOCIAL JUSTICE are attempts to resist – and ideally, reduce – structural violence. These mass movements include:

• the CIVIL RIGHTS movement in the US;
• WOMEN’S RIGHTS movement worldwide;
• ANTI-APARTHEID struggles in South Africa;
• current global efforts to reduce absolute POVERTY; and
• the on-going struggle for recognizing rights of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) groups.

While fewer people are dying today in conflicts between nations, or even those within nations, we cannot rejoice: we still have many faces of STRUCTURAL VIOLENCE and SYSTEMIC VIOLENCE.

So did we save the world in the Fall of 1995 through all our eager and idealistic discussions at the UN Headquarters?

No, we didn’t. Our world is still an UNJUST, UNFAIR and UNSAFE place for too many human beings.

But experiences and exposure like that probably SAVED ME – from becoming an uncritical and unquestioning peddler of the dominant narrative. It opened my mind – to question rhetoric and spin, coming from governments, UN agencies and even civil society.

That is probably the greatest benefit of conferences like this:

• opening of our minds;
• deepening of our understanding & empathy; and
• broadening of our perspectives.

I wish I could tell you that Sri Lanka offers a fine example of post-war RECONCILIATION. But our reality is actually more complex and complicated.

Five years ago this month, we witnessed the end of Sri Lanka’s CIVIL WAR which last for over 25 years. As a diverse nation and a pluralistic society, our people felt many different emotions about that defining moment.

One sentiment most of us shared was a HUGE SENSE OF RELIEF. And some of us also felt a huge sense of RESPONSIBILITY –

• for HOW the war was ended; and
• the enormous rebuilding and healing that had to be done.

Five Years later…

The factors that led to the violent conflict still remain largely unaddressed. These include concerns about governance, political power sharing, and economic benefit sharing – issues that youth feel strongly about.

In the past 40 years – in my lifetime – similar concerns have triggered two other youth insurrections in Sri Lanka — in 1971 and in the late 1980s. Both were suppressed violently by the state in the name of law and order. The scars of those wounds have not yet healed either.

In this sense, many of us have three layers of scars from recent violence. And we realise, belatedly, how HEALING involves more our HEARTS than our MINDS.

We know that PEACE is much more than the simple absence of hostility. Likewise, RECONCILIATION entails much more than a mere co-existence of groups who were once engaged in a conflict.

RECONCILIATION cannot be decreed by leaders……or legislated by governments. Technocratic solutions are helpful — but not sufficient — to achieve RECONCILIATION.

Progressive state policies can nurture RECONCILIATION — but in the end, TRUE HEALING must spring from all of us… individually and collectively.

It’s not EASY, and it’s not always POPULAR. But it’s a worthy goal to aspire to!

Building SUSTAINABLE PEACE requires time, effort – as well as a switch in our mindset. We must face HARD TRUTHS, acknowledge them, and hopefully, FORGIVE…

There is cultural conditioning that stands in the way. Historically, many societies have glorified war, weaponry and combat. AGGRESSION is often seen as a sign of strength…and of masculinity.

With this inertia of history and culture…can we replace confrontation and conflict with cooperation and collaboration?

The religious case for this is well known. But I hesitate to invoke religions as they have inspired so much hatred and violence.

In recent years, we have seen a growing body of scientific evidence and theories that argue that COLLABORATION HAS A GREATER SURVIVAL VALUE than aggression.

This is contrary to the long held Darwinian notion of the ‘survival of the fittest’. It now appears that virtues like KINDNESS, GENEROSITY and SHARING are more than just moral choices: they are useful EVOLUTIONARY TRAITS too!

The developmental psychologist Michael Tomasello has been studying the EVOLUTION OF TOLERANCE & TRUST among human beings and the role it plays in today’s societies. He and other researchers have drawn attention to the evolutionary benefits of COLLABORATION and ALTRUISM.

There is no consensus yet among experts. Anthropologists, evolutionary biologists and sociologists keep debating about:

• individual selection vs. group selection in evolution; and
• whether aggression or collaboration has key survival value.

As Harvard biologist Edward O Wilson summed it up in his recent book, The Social Conquest of Earth:

“The human condition is an endemic turmoil rooted in the evolution processes that created us. The worst in our nature coexists with the best, and so it will ever be.”

So our big challenge is: How to tame our worst evolutionary baggage, and instead bring out our best as a species?

I don’t have any quick answer. But this is among the questions we must all keep asking – and keep looking for practical, thoughtful answers.

Dear friends,

It’s easier to have abundant IDEALISM, HOPE & PASSION when you’re 18 or 25 or even 30. It’s harder to retain these values when you’re approaching 50 — as I am, now. But I keep trying!

I wish you stimulating conversations. I hope you’ll find enough common ground — while not forcing any artificial consensus!

Thank you.