සිවුමංසල කොලූගැටයා #95: ඩිජිටල් තාක්ෂණයෙන් ජන උරුමය රකින මෝජි රීබා

In this week’s Ravaya column (in Sinhala), I write about an Indian friend of mine: Moji Riba, filmmaker and cultural anthropologist, who lives and works in India’s north-eastern Arunachal Pradesh.

It’s an isolated remote and sparsely populated part of the country that is home to 26 major tribal communities,. Each one has its own distinctive dialect, lifestyle, faith, traditional practices and social mores. They live side by side with about 30 smaller communities.

A combination of economic development, improved communications, the exodus of the young and the gradual renunciation of animist beliefs for mainstream religions threatens Arunachal’s colourful traditions. “It is not my place to denounce this change or to counter it,” says Moji. “But, as the older generation holds the last link to the storehouse of indigenous knowledge systems, we are at risk of losing out on an entire value system, and very soon.”

For the past 15 years, he has been documenting it on video and photos. Read my English blogposts about him in Nov 2008 and Jan 2009.

I caught up with him in Delhi last week, which inspired this column.

Moji Riba has been working since 1997 to document Arunachal Pradesh's rich cultural heritage. Image courtesy Rolex Awards

Moji Riba has been working since 1997 to document Arunachal Pradesh's rich cultural heritage. Image courtesy Rolex Awards

ගෝලීයකරණය නැතහොත් Globalization ගැන අපේ ඇතැම් දෙනකු කථා කරන්නේ සැකයෙන් හා බියෙන්. එසේ කලබල වන අය මේ සංසිද්ධිය හරිහැටි තේරුම් ගෙන නැහැ.

ගෝලීයකරණය යනු හැම සමාජයක් හා ආර්ථිකයක් ම එක අච්චුවේ පිටපත් බවට පත් කිරීම නොවෙයි. වෙළඳ සබඳතා, දේශ සංචාරයන්, කලාපීය සහයෝගිතාව හා තොරතුරු තාක්ෂණය ආදී ක්ෂෙත‍්‍රවලදී ස්වාධීන රටවල් තමන්ගේ අනන්‍යතාව රැක ගනිමින් යම් මට්ටමකින් ඒකාබද්ධ වීමයි.

ගෝලීයකරණයේ අංගයන් යොදා ගෙන අපේ සාංස්කෘතික උරුමයන් හා දායාදයන් රැක ගත හැකියි. අද මා කථා කරන්නේ එබඳු ප‍්‍රයත්නයක යෙදී සිටින ඉන්දියානු මිතුරකු ගැන.

ඔහුගේ නම මෝජි රීබා (Moji Riba). වයස 40යි. ඔහු උපන්නේ හා හැදුනේ වැඩුනේ ඉන්දියාවේ අරුණාචල් ප‍්‍රදේශ් ප‍්‍රාන්තයේ. එය මහා නගරයක් හෝ ප‍්‍රකට ප‍්‍රාන්තයක් නොවෙයි. තිබෙන්නේ ඉන්දියාවේ ඊසානදිග කෙළවරේ. චීනය, බුරුමය හා භූතානය සමඟ දේශසීමා තිබෙන මේ ප‍්‍රාන්තය භූමියෙන් ශ‍්‍රී ලංකාවටත් වඩා විශාලයි (වර්ග කිලෝ මීටර් 83,743). එහෙත් 2011දී ජනගහණය මිලියන් 1.4යි. ජන ඝනත්වය ඉතා අඩු, කඳුකර ප‍්‍රදේශවලින් බොහෝ විට සැදුණු අරුණාචල් ප‍්‍රාන්තයේ වැඩි කොටසක් හිමාල කඳුවැටියෙන් වැසී තිබෙනවා.

ජන සංඛ්‍යාව සාපේක්ෂව අඩු වූවත් ජන විවිධත්වය අතින් අරුණාචල් ප‍්‍රාන්තය ඉන්දියාවේ පමණක් නොව මුළු ආසියාවේ ම ඉහළින් සිටිනවා. එකිනෙකට වෙනස් භාෂා 30ක් හා උප භාෂා (dialects) දුසිම් ගණනක් එහි තිබෙනවා. මෙයට හේතුව තමන්ට ම ආවේණික සංස්කෘතීන් ඇති සුළු ජන කොටස් රැුසක් මේ ප‍්‍රදේශයේ සහස‍්‍ර ගණනක් තිස්සේ ජීවත් වීමයි.

අරුණාචල් ප‍්‍රාන්තයේ හමු වන්නේ ඉන්දියාවේ මහා හින්දු සංස්කෘතික ප‍්‍රවාහයට බෙහෙවින් වෙනස් වූ, වඩාත් බුරුම හා ටිබෙට් ආභාෂය ලද සංස්කෘතීන් ගොන්නක්. මේ සෑම එකකට ම ආවේණික ජන කලා ශිල්ප, සිරිත් විරිත්, ඇදහිලි හා ගති පැවතුම් තිබෙනවා. ඒකීය ඉන්දියානු ජනරජය තුළ මෙබඳු සංස්කෘතීන් අඛණ්ඩව පවත්වා ගෙන යාමට එරට ව්‍යවස්ථාවෙන් ම ඉඩ සලසා තිබෙනවා.

එසේ වූවත් නවීකරණය සමඟ මේ සමහර ජන කොටස්වල අළුත් පරම්පරා සාම්ප‍්‍රදායික උරුමයන් දිගට ම පවත්වා ගන්නට එතරම් උනන්දු නැහැ. මෙය ඉන්දියාවේ පමණක් නොව ලොව පුරා දැකිය හැකි ප‍්‍රවණතාවක්. පුද්ගල මට්ටමෙන් විග‍්‍රහ කරන විට පරම්පරා උරුමයන් ඉදිරියට ගෙන යාමට කිසිවකුට බල කළ නොහැකියි. එහෙත් අරුණාචල් ප‍්‍රාන්තයේ අතිශය විචිත‍්‍ර වූත්, ලොව කිසිදු තැනෙක හමු නොවන්නා වූත් ජන උරුමයන් රැක ගැනීමේ අවශ්‍යතාව මානව විද්‍යාඥයන් හඳුනාගෙන තිබෙනවා.

ජන සංස්කෘතියක් යනු සජීව හා ගතික දෙයක්. කෞතුකාගාර ගත කරන්නට බැහැ. එය යම් තරමකින්වත් හසු කර ගත හැක්කේ ශ‍්‍රව්‍ය-දෘශ්‍ය මාධ්‍ය හරහායි. මේ බව මනාව තේරුම් ගත් මෝජි, 1997දී සිය ප‍්‍රාන්තයේ ජන කලා, සිරිත් විරිත්, නැටුම් හා අනෙකුත් පැතිකඩ නවීන ඩිජිටල් ඡයාරූප හා වීඩියෝ හරහා වාර්තා කිරීමේ පෞද්ගලික මට්ටමේ ව්‍යාපෘතියක් ඇරඹුවා.

‘‘නවීකරණයත් සමඟ ආ ප‍්‍රවාහයන් නිසා මගේ පරම්පරාවේ බොහෝ දෙනා සාම්ප‍්‍රදායික උරුමයෙන් පිටතට පා වී යන හැටි මා දකිනවා. ඒ අය ගැන විනිශ්චයක් දීමට මට ඕනෑ නැහැ. නමුත් අපේ වැඩිහිටියන්ගේ පරම්පරාවේ හමු වන ස්පර්ශ කළ නොහැකි උරුමය (intangible heritage) අප ඩිජිටල් ක‍්‍රම මඟින්වත් ලේඛනගත නොකළොත් ඒවා සදහට නැසී යාමේ අවදානමක් තිබෙනවා’’ ඔහු කියනවා.

කලබලකාරී නවීකරණය වෙනුවට වඩාත් සියම් හා සුපරීක්ෂාකාරී ලෙසින් නවීන ලෝකයේ තමන්ට ගැලපෙන දේ පමණක් ළං කර ගැනීමට සංවේදී බව හා විචක්ෂණ ගුණය මෝජිට තිබෙනවා. ඔහු ඉන්දියාවේ අංක එකේ මාධ්‍ය සරසවිය ලෙස සැලකෙන නවදිල්ලියේ ජමීලා මිලියා ඉස්ලාමියා සරසවියෙන් ජන සන්නිවේදනය පිළිබඳ ශාස්ත‍්‍රපති උපාධියක් ලැබූ අයෙක්. මේ තරම් උගත්කමක් හා පුහුණුවක් ලබන බොහෝ ඉන්දියානුවන් ප‍්‍රධාන ප‍්‍රවාහයේ මාධ්‍ය ආයතනවල රැකියා ලබා ගෙන මහ නගරවල පදිංචි වනවා. එහෙත් මෝජි නගරයෙන් නවීන සන්නිවේදන තාක්ෂණය දැනුම හා කුසලතා ගෙන තම ගම් පළාතට ගියා.

Surrounded by young monks, Moji Riba films rituals celebrating Buddha's birth at Galden Namgyal Lhatse monastery. Tawang, Arunachal Pradesh, India, 2008 (Photo courtesy Rolex Awards)

Surrounded by young monks, Moji Riba films rituals celebrating Buddha’s birth at Galden Namgyal Lhatse monastery. Tawang, Arunachal Pradesh, India, 2008 (Photo courtesy Rolex Awards)

සංස්කෘතික පර්යේෂණ හා ලේඛනගත කිරීමේ කේන්ද්‍රය (Centre for Cultural Research and Documentation, CCRD) අරඹමින් තවත් ඔහු වැනි ම කිහිප දෙනෙකු සමඟ ප‍්‍රාන්තයේ ජන සංස්කෘතිය ගැන වීඩියෝ වාර්තා චිත‍්‍රපට නිපදවීම ඇරඹුවා.

‘‘මගේ ප‍්‍රාන්තයේ සංස්කෘතික උරුමය මා දකින්නේ ඉලාස්ටික් පටියක් හැටියටයි. අපට යම් සීමා තුළ මේ පටිය විස්තාරණය කළ හැකියි. කාලයේ හා නවීකරණයේ ප‍්‍රවාහයන් නිසා අතීතයේ සිට පැවත ආ උරුමයන් ඒ අයුරින් ඉදිරියට ගෙන යාමට අමාරුයි. එහෙත් අඩු තරමින් ඒ ගැන විස්තරාත්මක ලේඛනගත කිරීමක් අප කරනවා’’ යැයි ඔහු කියනවා.

මෝජි මට මුලින් හමු වූයේ 2003දී නේපාලයේ කත්මණ්ඩු නුවරදී. මා සංවිධානය කළ දකුණු ආසියාතික ටෙලිවිෂන් හා වීඩියෝ පුහුණු වැඩමුළුවකට ආ මේ නිහඬ තරුණයා හැම දෙනාගේ ප‍්‍රසාදය හා ගෞරවය දිනා ගත්තා. ඔහු නිපද වූ වාර්තා චිත‍්‍රපට කිහිපයක් මා දැක තිබෙනවා.

මේවා දුවන ගමන් කළ ටෙලිවිෂන් වාර්තා නොවෙයි. සති හෝ මාස ගණන් මහත් ඉවසීමෙන් හා කැපවීමෙන් කේෂත‍්‍රයේ රූපගත කොට සියුම් ලෙසත්, සෞන්දර්යාත්මක ලෙසත් සංස්කරණය කළ ඩිජිටල් කලා කෘති හැටියට මා දකිනවා. 1997-2008 කාලය තුළ එබඳු වාර්තා චිත‍්‍රපට 35ක් පමණ ඔහු අධ්‍යක්ෂණය කළා.

ඒවායින් සමහරක් මානව විද්‍යා හා සංස්කෘතික උරුමය ගැන තේමාගත වූ චිත‍්‍රපට උළෙලවලත්, ඉන්දියාවේ දුර්දර්ශන් ජාතික ටෙලිවිෂන් නාලිකාවේත් තිරගත වී තිබෙනවා. විශාල පේ‍්‍රක්ෂක සමූහයකට ඉලක්ක කරනවා වෙනුවට මේ නිර්මාණ වඩාත් ගැලපෙන්නේ කුඩා කණ්ඩායම් වශයෙන් දේශනාගාර, විද්වත් රැස්වීම් ආදියේ පෙන්වන්නටයි.

‘‘අප මේ චිත‍්‍රපට හරහා උත්සාහ කරන්නේ සංක‍්‍රාන්ති කාලයක සිටින අපේ ප‍්‍රාන්තයේ විවිධ ජන කොටස් තමන්ගේ සංස්කෘතික උරුමය, ස්වභාවික පරිසරය හා සමාජ-ආර්ථික සංවර්ධනය යන සාධක තුන තුලනය කර ගන්නා හැටි වාර්තාගත කරන්නයි. එහිදී අපේ මතවාදයන් ඒ වාර්තාකරණයට අප එකතු කරන්නේ නැහැ,’’ මෝජි කියනවා.

වාර්තා චිත‍්‍රපටයක් නිපදවීමට පැය ගණනක් පටිගත කළ රූප රාමුවලින් අවශ්‍ය කොටස උකහා ගත් පසු ඉතිරිය බොහෝ විට සංරක්ෂණය වන්නේ නැහැ. එහෙත් මෝජි වසර 15ක් පුරා පටිගත කළ හැම පටයක් ම ප‍්‍රවේශමින් සංරක්ෂණය කරනවා.

මේ ගැන වඩාත් ගැඹුරින් පර්යේෂණ කරන්නට 2004දී අරුණාචල් ප‍්‍රාන්ත අගනගරය වන ඉතානගර්හි රාජීව් ගාන්ධි සරසවියේ ජන සන්නිවේදන අංශයත් සමඟ එක් වී ඩිප්ලෝමා පාඨාමාලාවක් ද ඔහු ආරම්භ කළා. ඔහුගේ කාලය ඉගැන්වීමට, පර්යේෂණවලට හා කේෂත‍්‍ර මට්ටමේ රූපගත කිරීම්වලට බෙදී යනවා.

Riba teaches Hage Komo the basic camera skills that will allow the young Apatani to film an interview with his father and an animist priest, thus recording his tribe's oral history (Photo courtesy Rolex Awards)

Riba teaches Hage Komo the basic camera skills that will allow the young Apatani to film an interview with his father and an animist priest, thus recording his tribe's oral history (Photo courtesy Rolex Awards)

මෑතක් වන තුරු අරුණාචල් ප‍්‍රාන්තය විදේශික සංචාරකයන්ට අවසර නැතිව ඇතුළු විය නොහැකි, සීමා වූ ප‍්‍රදේශයක් ලෙස පැවතියා. එහෙත් දැන් චන්ද්‍රිකා ටෙලිවිෂන් විකාශයන්, ජංගම දුරකථන සේවාවන් හා ගමනාගමන පහසුකම් ආදිය පුළුල් වීමත් සමඟ සමාජ නවීකරණය වේගවත් වෙලා.

මේ නිසා ජන කලා හා සංස්කෘතික ලේඛනගත කිරීමේ අමුතු ආකාරයේ ව්‍යාපෘතියක් මෝජි 2009දී යෝජනා කළා. තෝරා ගත් ගම්මාන 15ක දක්ෂ ගැමි තරුණ තරුණියන් 15 දෙනකුට ඩිජිටල් වීඩියෝ තාක්ෂණය භාවිතය පුහුණු කරනවා. (අද කාලේ මේවා මැජික් නොවේ. ලෙහෙසියෙන් උගත හැකියි).

ඉන්පසුව ඔවුන්ට ඩිජිටල් වීඩියෝ කැමරා දී වසරක් පුරා තම ගම්මානයේ චාරිත‍්‍ර වාරිත‍්‍ර, උත්සව, වැඩිහිටියන්ගේ මතකයන් හා ආවේණික දෑ පටිගත කරන්නට සලස්වනවා. හැම ගමකින් දළ වශයෙන් වීඩියෝ පැය 300ක් පමණ එකතු වනු ඇතැයි ගණන් බලා තිබෙනවා. අවසානයේ මේ සියල්ල ප‍්‍රාන්ත කෞතුකාගාරයේ හා සරසවියේ ද අනුදැනුම ඇතිව පොදු තැනෙක සංරක්ෂණය කොට පර්යේෂකයන්ට අධ්‍යයනය කරන්නට ලබා දෙනවා.

එකිනෙකට වෙනස් භාෂා කථා කරනා ජන කොටස් සැමගේ විශ්වාසය දිනා ගෙන ඔවුන්ගේ සහයෝගයෙන් කරන මේ ව්‍යාපෘතියෙන් වසර කිහිපයක ඇවෑමෙන් වීඩියෝ පැය 4,000ක් පමණ එකතු වීමට නියමිතයි. මෙය කාල කැප්සියුලයක් (time capsule) ලෙස මෝජි හඳුන්වනවා. ජන සංස්කෘතිය නිතිපතා පරිණාමය වන නිසා අපට කළ හැක්කේ අද දවසේ එහි ගති සොබා හසු කර ගැනීම පමණක් බව ඔහු දන්නවා.

ජීවිතයේ උපතේ සිට මරණය දක්වා හැම අවස්ථාවකට ම ආවේණික සිරිත් විරිත් ඔවුන්ට තිබෙනවා. දරුවකුගේ උපත, අස්වනු නෙළීම, විවාහ මංගල්‍යයන්, මළවුන් සිහි කිරීම ආදිය ඒ අතර සුවිශේෂයි. මේ සිද්ධීන් හැම ජන කොටසකට ම පොදු වූවත් ඔවුන් ඒවා සමරන ආකාරය එකිනෙකට වෙනස්. එක් මහ ජාතියක් සංඛ්‍යාත්මකව හමු නොවන අරුණාචල් ප‍්‍රාන්තයේ හැම දෙනා ම සුළු ජාතියක්.

මේ අසාමාන්‍ය සංස්කෘතික ව්‍යායාමය ඔහු නම් කරන්නේ කඳුකරයේ ඇස (Mountain Eye) ව්‍යාපෘතිය ලෙසයි. ශාස්ත‍්‍රීය වටිනාකමක් ඇති මෙබඳු කටයුතුවලට බොලිවුඞ් ආකර්ෂණය හෝ වෙළඳපොළ විභවයක් නැති නිසා අවශ්‍ය වියදම ඉන්දියාව තුළින් සොයා ගැනීම ලොකු අභියෝගයක්.

ස්විට්සර්ලන්තයේ රෝලෙක්ස් ඔරලෝසු සමාගම සුවිශේෂි පර්යේෂණ හා ගවේෂණවලට අනුග‍්‍රහය දක්වන්නට තරගකාරී මට්ටමින් තෝරා ගන්නා රෝලෙක්ස් ත්‍යාගයක් (Rolex Award for Enterprise) 2008දී මෝජි රීබාට ප‍්‍රදානය කළා. එයින් ලැබුණු ත්‍යාග මුදලත්, ලෝක මට්ටමේ ප‍්‍රසිද්ධියක් යොදා ගෙන සුපුරුදු නිහඬ රටාවට මෝජි තමන්ගේ ව්‍යාපෘතිය පෙරට ගෙන යනවා.

ජන සංස්කෘතිය කෞතුකාගාර හෝ සරසවිවලට කොටු වන්නට ඉඩ නොතබා ඔහු එය තරුණයින් වඩාත් ගැවසෙන කැෆේ, සිනමා ශාලා හා සාප්පු සංකීර්ණවලට චිත‍්‍රපට ගෙන යනවා. පාසල් දර්ශන සංවිධානය කරනවා. අරුණාචල් භාෂා 9කින් ගැයෙන් ගීත ඇතුළත් CD තැටියක් නිපදවා බෙදා හරිනවා.

අරුණාචල් ප‍්‍රාන්තයේ ආවේණික ජන සංස්කෘතිය අද මුහුණ පා සිටින්නේ හුදෙක් ඉන්දියාවට පිටතින් සිට ගලා එන ප‍්‍රවාහයන්ට පමණක් නොවෙයි. රට තුළම සංඛ්‍යාත්මකව බහුතරයක් වූ හින්දි බස කථා කරන මහා සංස්කෘතියේ ප‍්‍රබල බලපෑමත්, ආර්ථික ප‍්‍රතිසංස්කරණ හරහා එන වෙළඳ පොළ හා ජනප‍්‍රිය සංස්කෘතියේ බලපෑමත් ඔවුන්ට ඍජුව ම එල්ල වී තිබෙනවා.

මෙවැනි ප‍්‍රවාහයන් හමුවේ ඇතැම් දෙනා හූල්ලමින් හා දෙස් තබමින් කල් ගත කළත් මෝජිගේ ප‍්‍රතිචාරය බෙහෙවින් වෙනස්. ළිඳට වැටුණු මිනිසකු ළිං කටින් ම ගොඩ ආ යුතු සේ ඔහු කරන්නේ නව සන්නිවේදන තාක්ෂණයන් යොදා ගෙන තම ජනයාගේ උරුමය රැක ගන්නට තැත් කිරීමයි. ඔහු මෙය පෞද්ගලික ජීවිතයේදීත් ක‍්‍රියාත්මක කරනවා. හින්දි හා ඉංග‍්‍රීසි භාෂා ව්‍යක්ත ලෙස හසුරුවන්නට උගත් ඔහු වයස විසි ගණන්වල සිය මවුබස වන ගැලෝ භාෂාව (Galo) උගත්තා. දැන් ඔහු එය සිය ලාබාල පුතුන් දෙදෙනාට කුඩා වයසේ සිට උගන් වනවා.

‘‘අපේ දරුවන්ට ගීයක් ගයන්න කී විට ඔවුන් ගයන්නේ හින්දි නැතහොත් ඉංග‍්‍රීසි ගීත. අප දැන් තැත් කරන්නේ තමන්ගේ ම බසින් සින්දු කීමේ අමතර හැකියාව අළුත් පරම්පරාවේ හැමට ලබා දෙන්නයි,’’ මෝජි කියනවා.

‘‘විසි එක් වන සියවසේ සුළු ජන කොටස්, ගෝත‍්‍රික හා ආදිවාසී පිරිස් පසුගාමීව හෝ මුළුගැන් වී සිටිය යුතු යැයි මා විශ්වාස කරන්නේ නැහැ. එහෙත් ප‍්‍රධාන ප‍්‍රවාහයට නතු නොවී අපේ සුවිශේෂි අනන්‍යතාව රැක ගනිමින් නවීකරණය වන්නට හැකියි,’’ මෝජී රීබාගේ දර්ශනය එයයි.
http://tiny.cc/MojiR1

Hage Komo gets video instructions from Moji Riba, who is enlisting local young people to capture the oral histories, languages and rituals of their tribes for his project. Komo films his father gathering bamboo in a grove outside Hari Village. (Photo courtesy Rolex Awards)

Hage Komo gets video instructions from Moji Riba, who is enlisting local young people to capture the oral histories, languages and rituals of their tribes for his project. Komo films his father gathering bamboo in a grove outside Hari Village. (Photo courtesy Rolex Awards)

Malima: Episode #4: Of (cashew) nuts and mavericks: Exploring innovation’s many faces

Malima (New Directions in Innovation) is a Sinhala language TV series on science, technology and innovation. This episode was produced and first broadcast by Sri Lanka’s Rupavahini TV channel on 23 February 2012.

Produced by Suminda Thilakasena and hosted by science writer Nalaka Gunawardene, it is a magazine style programme. This episode features:

• An interview with Lankan inventor and entrepreneur B K Maheepala, who runs his own company Buddhi Industries (Pvt) Ltd, which manufactures and markets his own patented design of a cashew shelling machine. He exports most of his machines to cashew producing countries across Asia and Africa, and can’t cope with the demand! See also newspaper article at: http://www.sundaytimes.lk/120129/BusinessTimes/bt25.html

Steve Jobs (1955 – 2011) was called ‘technology’s great reinventor’ for transforming entire industries – computers, music, mobile phones – with systemic thinking that combined functionality with design elegance. We look at key lessons from his life for today’s inventors. A longer discussion of this is found in my tribute published on Groundviews.org in Oct 2011.

• Find a method to waterproof the ubiquitous mobile phone – win the gratitude of billions of mobile users worldwide. Inventors have taken up the challenge – and see what one group has introduced to the market. With this layer, never fear dropping your phone in water!

• Interview with young inventor Savindu Sanjana Jayasinghe, a student of Rajasinghe central school, Hanwella, who has invented a portable detector for measuring carbon emissions from vehicle exhaust fumes.

Produced by Suminda Thilakasena

Malima: Episode 4 presented by Nalaka Gunawardene from Nalaka Gunawardene on Vimeo.

Can you hear me now? Why people yell into mobile phones…

Louder, please?

Why do people – especially middle aged men – yell into their mobile phones?

This is one of those widely asked questions in relation to communications technologies that have become part of our daily lives. Mobile phone etiquette hasn’t evolved as fast as phone coverage, so this behaviour remains a regular source of irritation at hotels, restaurants, airports and other public places.

So why do people with normal speaking volumes yell into their cell phones? I came across an interesting explanation, which also suggests that it’s a trait more common among Digital Immigrants.

Here’s an extract: “Household telephones, or landlines, have a microphone in the receiver that amplifies your voice into the ear piece. When you talk into a landline, your voice is captured and replayed through the ear piece, so you hear your own voice loud and clear….With cell phones, your own voice is not amplified into the earpiece, so the only sound you hear is from your mouth. Seem like this wouldn’t be a huge difference, but the volume level of words coming from your mouth through the air and into your ear is a pretty big difference from sounds coming from a phone speaker that’s pressed directly against your ear.”

No, Sir Winston is not using an early mobile phone - it's a field radio receiver!

Hmm. So there’s hope that the trait will become less common in the coming years.

Of course, the habit goes a long way back to the days when phone lines rarely offered good audio quality. There is the true story of how Sir Winston Churchill had to suffer a Cabinet colleague who was a loud phone talker. During the Second World War, they were sharing crammed war cabins.

One day the Minister was once again talking very loudly on the phone. Churchill asked his secretary to go over and tell Mr Brown not to talk at the top of his voice. The secretary returned and told the PM: ‘Sir, the Minister is talking to Scotland.’

Without batting an eyelid, Churchill replied: ‘Yes, I’m sure he is. But tell him to use the phone!’

Impressions and images from Tiananmen, Gate of Heavenly Peace…

Tiananmen literally means Gate of Heavenly Peace...hmmm

I spent several hours at the Tian’anmen Square in Beijing, China, this week, while attending a media conference. I was returning to this landmark, now a key tourist attraction in modernised and assertive China, after nearly a decade. And much has changed…

Measuring 880 metres by 500 metres, and covering a total area of 440,000 square metres, the Tiananmen Square is the largest city square in the world. But mere superlatives don’t impress me. It’s what goes on behind the claims, labels and stereotypes that interest me.

I’ve been to the square on a couple of previous Beijing visits. The first was in October 1996, during my very first visit to China. I was also taken in a group tour on a later visit. If I remember right, my last sighting of the Square was in 2002 – just before I acquired my first digital camera. (That makes a difference, because Before Digital, my analog photographs on travel were sparingly taken…and my own memory is not a very reliable storage medium.)

Day or night, he keeps vigil over Tiananmen Square...and 1.3 billion people

This time, I was armed with my digital camera and ample digital memory — and, it seemed, so were most other visitors! There were the obviously foreign tourists (including the loud and uninformed Americans), but it seemed most people thronging to the square were Chinese…many from out of town. For some, a visit to this centre of power is a rare occasion to be cherished and recorded.

I was impressed by just how many people were clicking away, using either digital cameras or mobile phone cameras. I shouldn’t be surprised by this, for China is the country with the largest number of mobile phones in use: by March 2010, there were some 780 million mobile subscribers, accounting for 58.5 per cent of all people in China.

Keen to capture different scenes under varying kinds of daylight and night lights, I made three visits to the Square – including one at 5.30 in the morning to catch daybreak at the Gate of Heavenly Peace (literal meaning of Tiananmen). So here’s a sampling of my several dozen photos – this selection has a bias on people shooting each other, digitally speaking (a far cry from the kind of shooting that took place here 20 years ago).

Look serious, man - he's watching!

Now bring out your best smiles, all!

People milling about with Great Hall of the People in the background

Clicking away at Monument to the People's Heroes

One of the most striking moments I captured was of this elderly couple, very dignified and sprightly in their outlook, as they were taking a stroll on the square early morning and capturing memories on their mobile phone. They are old enough to have known another reality, but this was now and here…

This Square, and we, have seen and heard much in our time...

Did we get it alright?

I also noticed how the younger visitors were clearly at ease with digital technologies, just like their fellow Digital Natives elsewhere in the world. There is also a discernible easing up (not only among unknown people in public places, but also noticeable among older and younger Chinese friends I have): maybe it’s the exuberance of youth, but the NextGen Chinese don’t seem to be as somber and serious as their parents.

Or perhaps the younger people in China today just have more things to smile about?

Would Chairman Mao approve this pose, eh?

Heaven is in the eye of the beholder...

Digital Natives capturing memories for the Next Gen

It was a rushed visit of four nights and three days, so all my impressions are fleeting. They don’t begin to do justice to the nuanced complexity that is modern China. But they tell me one thing: even in a land with a proud history of over 5,000 years, ten years can still make a difference.

Bye for now: I take only photos, and leave only shadows behind...

Note: All photos were taken touristically for my own memory and personal archives, with no other intention.

‘Can you hear us now?’ India’s bottom millions connect to information society

Mobile champion: farmer Sayar Singh in Rajasthan, India - photo by Suchit Nanda for TVEAP

Mobile champion: farmer Sayar Singh in Rajasthan, India - photo by Suchit Nanda for TVEAP

At the end of the world’s largest general election that lasted nearly a month, Indians have just re-elected the Congress Party to govern over the world’s largest democracy for another five year term.

It’s too early to discuss what role, if any, the recently enhanced telecommunications services played in this outcome. But there is no doubt that access to telephones – especially mobiles – has revolutionised the life of the billion plus Indians in the past few years.

Farmer Sayar Singh epitomises this change. Earlier this year, we filmed a day in the life of Sayar, a resident of Pushkar Nala in India’s Rajasthan state. This was part of a profiling of telephone users at the bottom of the (income) pyramid – or BOP – in emerging Asian economies, undertaken by TVE Asia Pacific on behalf of LIRNEasia.

Sayar is definitely BOP: growing wheat and flowers on his ancestral land, he makes around INR 6,000 (USD 115) a month – on which income he sustains an extended family that comprises his wife, four children, elderly father and an unmarried sister. Life isn’t easy for this 33-year-old, but his spirit of enterprise is as abundant as his praise for his newly acquired mobile phone.

He only bought a mobile in mid 2008, but eight months later, that investment had definitely improved business and social life for him. So much so that his life’s narrative is clearly divided as Before Mobile and After Mobile.

“Our life before the mobile phone was hard,” he says. “I took two days to do what I can now do in a day. Now I can get in touch immediately and all my work happens faster and more easily!”

He now tracks market prices and moves his produce quickly for better profits. With workload reduced and income doubled, Sayar has reaped dual benefits from his mobile.

Watch our short profile of Sayar Singh, ardent promoter of mobile phones in rural India:

This isn’t Sayar’s first experience with owning a telephone. Earlier, he was frustrated with a fixed phone that didn’t work half the time. The service was so bad that he gave up the phone after a while.

He recalls: “Phone wires in our village were often faulty. They used to be out of order for 2 or 4 days, sometimes even half a month! All my work was affected. I couldn’t talk to my brothers and sisters. Call charges were also high. When my phone line was down, I had to call from STD booths or neighbours’ phones.”

In our interview, Sayar kept referring to his fixed phone connection as ‘government phone’ – a reflection of the state-owned former monopoly. It was a reminder of just how bad telecom services were in India until only a few years ago.

As Shashi Tharoor, the former UN Undersecretary General – who, incidentally, has just been elected into Indian Parliament from his native Kerala state – has remarked, India had possibly the worst telephone penetration rates in the world.

He wrote in 2007: “Bureaucratic statism committed a long list of sins against the Indian people, but communications was high up on the list; the woeful state of India’s telephones right up to the 1990s, with only eight million connections and a further 20 million on waiting lists, would have been a joke if it wasn’t also a tragedy — and a man-made one at that.”

Connected and contented: Sayar Singh by Suchit Nanda for TVEAP

Connected and contented: Sayar Singh by Suchit Nanda for TVEAP

Tharoor recalled the infamous words of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi’s communications minister in the 1970s, C.M. Stephen. In response to questions decrying the rampant telephone breakdowns in the country, the minister declared in Parliament that telephones were a luxury, not a right. He added that ‘any Indian who was not satisfied with his telephone service could return his phone’ — since there was an eight-year waiting list of people seeking this supposedly inadequate product.

According to Tharoor, Mr Stephen’s statement captured perfectly everything that was wrong about the government’s attitude: ignorant, wrong-headed, unconstructive, self-righteous, complacent, unresponsive and insulting. “It was altogether typical of an approach to governance in the economic arena which assumed that the government knew what was good for the country, felt no obligation to prove it by actual performance and didn’t, in any case, care what anyone else thought.”

All this didn’t change overnight, and as Tharoor reflects, the key contribution of the government was ‘in getting out of the way’ — in cutting license fees and streamlining tariffs, easing the overly complex regulations and restrictions that discouraged investors from coming in to the Indian market, and allowing foreign firms to own up to 74 per cent of their Indian subsidiary companies. “The Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI) has also been a model of its kind, a regulatory agency that saw its role as facilitating the growth of the business it was regulating, rather than stifling it with rules and restrictions.”

It still took time for this revolution to be felt at the bottom of the pyramid. As LIRNEasia says: “Just five years ago, the Indian telecom industry’s massive momentum barely included the poor. The country had slightly over seven access paths (fixed and mobile connections) per 100 people, but in rural India 100 people were served by only 1.5 access paths. Even in urban India, the poor were unconnected.”

Then things started changing rapidly. According to LIRNEasia’s latest teleuse@BOP survey, 45 per cent of Indian BOP teleuser households had a phone in late 2008: 37% had a mobile only; 5% had a fixed phone only; and 3% had both. This is massive progress from the 19 percent of BOP homes with a phone just two years ago. Read more about BOP telephone penetration and use in India.

Tharoor has called this the “mobile miracle” — one that has accomplished something socialist policies talked about but did little to achieve: empowering the less fortunate. Rapid mobile penetration in my native Sri Lanka has had a comparable social transformation – in a commentary last year, I called the ubiquitous mobile ‘Everyman’s new trousers’.

Of course, the mobile revolution is far from over. There are many more millions yet to be connected, and those already connected expect affordable, reliable and value-added services.

“Indian BOP is still in the mobile 1.0 mode using mainly voice and missed calls functionality. Messaging is being used by only a third of the BOP population. Mobile payment and government services use is almost non-existent,” Rohan Samarajiva, chairman and CEO, LIRNEasia, was quoted as saying soon after the latest study was presented in India in February 2009.

How far and how much value added mobile services can penetrate the BOP remains to be seen. Sayar Singh, for example, currently spends US$ 8.6 to 9.5 a month on phone services – over 8% of his enhanced monthly income.

“I haven’t subscribed to any services like cricket news or astrological forecasts. I don’t need them…and I don’t want to spend on them,” he said in our interview.

But mobile telephony is an area where the boldest projections have been exceeded – so never say never.

Photos by Suchit Nanda for TVE Asia Pacific

Cellphones and the Economic Modernization of India: Listen to Shashi Tharoor at Asia Society, NY, in 2007:

Now on MediaChannel.org: Good communications to combat swine flu?

They turn the spotlight inwards...

They turn the spotlight inwards...

MediaChannel.org has just published my latest op ed essay titled: Good communications to combat swine flu?

7 May 2009: New Age newspaper in Bangladesh has reprinted the essay

24 May 2009: The Hindu newspaper in India has reprinted the essay in its Sunday Magazine

In this essay, I have expanded some points originally made in two recent blog posts, on 30 April and 1 May 2009.

Here’s an excerpt:

“Flu shots, quarantine measures and hospital care alone cannot counter the current flu outbreak. While medical doctors and researchers spearhead the public health response, we need the mass media and other communicators to mount the public awareness response. Ideally, they should reinforce each other.

“For the first time in history, we now have the technological means to quickly reach out to most of humanity. More than four billion mobile phones are in use, a majority of them in the developing world. Nearly a quarter of the world population (over 1.5 billion people) have access to the web, even if at varying levels of bandwidth. Thousands of radio and TV channels saturate the airwaves – these still are the primary source of news and information for billions.

“Can these information and communication technologies (ICTs) help disseminate the right kind of flu awareness? How fast can we mobilise 24/7 media outlets and telecom networks to inspire preventive and curative action? What can the blogging, texting and twittering new media activists do in such efforts?”

Stop the virus, but not the news!

Stop the virus, but not the news!

Looking for models of communicating against an infectious epidemic, I recall the Asian experience with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) . I summarise in this essay the public interest roles played by Asian media during the SARS crisis, which has been studied and analysed in considerable detail.

I then return to one of my favourite points about communicating disasters and crises: the need for credible messages and credible messengers. This was a core theme in the Asian book on Communicating Disasters that I co-edited in 2007. I also highlighted it in this interview given to APC in early 2008.

Here’s how my essay ends: “Whether it is SARS, HIV or tsunami, many Asian governments have suffered from a credibility gap in managing information about emergencies. For example, the initially slow and guarded media reporting on SARS allowed the virus to spread quickly in China, with devastating results. We cannot afford to repeat these mistakes with the latest flu pandemic.

“Nearly a century ago, British author H G Wells talked about human history being a race between education and catastrophe. In the coming weeks, we would find out if humanity has what it takes to outrun and outsmart a stubborn virus.

Read the full essay at MediaChannel.org

Read my op ed essay in SciDev.net in Dec 2005: A Long Last Mile: The lesson of the Asian tsunami

MediaChannel have published my op ed essays before. They were the first to publish, in June 2006, my global call for the broadcast industry to recognise poverty as a copyright free zone. And when Al Jazeera English channel was launched at the end of 2006, MediaChannel carried my essay on ethical news gathering as the biggest challenge for the new global TV network.

My latest essay is a humble birthday present to MediaChannel.org as it completes 10 years. Unique among websites, MediaChannel.org holds the rest of the media accountable with the best of the world’s media criticism and analysis — offering news, diverse global perspectives, and commentaries tracking international news flows. They cover breaking controversies, showcase change-makers, trends and cutting edge issues that you need to know about – produced by journalists for journalists and citizens.

MediaChannel’s co-founder Danny Schechter is one of my media heroes – he was Moving Images Person of the Year 2008.

“Our survival alone is a cause for celebration – a decade of growth and impact is impressive in ‘Internet years’,” wrote the website’s founders in a special 10th anniversary message. They added: “Over the past 10 years, we have survived financial crises and organized hack attacks. We have managed to remain relevant and on the cutting edge in a quickly evolving online landscape when many other sites and organizations have come… and gone.”

The team is making an urgent appeal for donations to keep this excellent service going. I’m very happy to amplify this – few services can deliver better value for money, and our troubled times and troubled media sure need the soul-searching constantly provided by MediaChannel.org

Ten years of kicking ass!

Ten years of kicking ass!

How ‘Hole in the Wall’ ICT experiment inspired ‘Slumdog Millionaire’

21st Century, here we come...

21st Century, here we come...

With the 81st annual Academy Awards (Oscars) to be announced on February 22, all eyes are now on the nominated movies.

Updated on Oscar night: Slumdog wins 8 Oscars out of 10 nominations!

Few films in recent years have generated as much buzz as Slumdog Millionaire, the British-Indian film based in the slums of Mumbai. It has won five Critics’ Choice Awards, four Golden Globes and seven BAFTA Awards, and is nominated for ten Academy Awards, including Best Picture.

Much has been written about the movie’s depiction of India’s stark urban realities of poverty, organised crime and street children. But there is another face of India that the movie captures: how information and communication technologies (ICTs) are changing culture, economy and social relations in the world’s largest democracy.

I just called to ask...

I just called to ask...

Early on, film critic Ben Walters spotted this aspect. He asked in The Guardian on 9 December 2008: Is Slumdog Millionaire the first truly 21st-century film? Among his reasons: “Jamal works in a call centre decorated with London Underground paraphernalia and whose employees are kept up to date on EastEnders plotlines to improve their chances of successful small talk with their customers. Aptly enough, the customers are mobile phone users – another emblem of 21st-century connectivity – and a mobile plays a crucial part in the story’s climax.”

Indeed, the mobile phone combined with live broadcast television both feature in the story’s climax. The film was partly shot on the actual studio set used by Kaun Banega Croreparti (KBC), the Indian version of Who Wants to be a Millionaire. As I wrote earlier, the cerebral world of quizzing blends seamlessly with the rough world of Mumbai slums to produce an enthralling 120 minutes.

And now it turns out that a real life ICT experiment triggered the idea of the Slumdog story.

Indian author Vikas Swarup, on whose 2005 novel Q&A the movie is based, has recently revealed how he was inspired by the hole-in-the-wall project. This was an initiative by Dr. Sugata Mitra, chief scientist at NIIT, a leading computer software and training company in New Delhi. Mitra embedded a high-speed computer in a wall separating his firm’s headquarters from an adjacent slum, he discovered that slum children quickly taught themselves how to surf the net, read the news and download games and music. He then replicated the experiment in other locations. Each time the results were similar: within hours, and without instruction, the children began browsing the Internet.

Swarup told Indian Express in January 2009: “That got me fascinated and I realised that there’s an innate ability in everyone to do something extraordinary, provided they are given an opportunity. How else do you explain children with no education at all being able to learn to use the Internet. This shows knowledge is not just the preserve of the elite.”

Discover your world...

Discover your world...

Dr Mitra’s project was the subject of a 2002 documentary film, called Hole in the Wall, made by the New York based production company GlobalVision.

The film was introduced as follows: A revolution in information technology is redefining poverty, as how much you know is becoming just as important as how much you own. “The Hole in the Wall” examines one possible solution to the growing technological gap between rich and poor — the so-called ‘digital divide’ — that threatens to consign millions to an “information underclass.”

The film was made by Rory O’Connor and Gil Rossellini. An 8-min version was broadcast by PBS in October 2002 in their program Frontline/World. A 60-min version was screened at the United Nations in New York City in December 2002. The film has been widely screened, and won several awards.

Initiator of the Hole in the Wall project carries on his mission to adapt ICTs to serve the unmet needs of India’s poor. Watch Dr Sugata Mitra talk about his work in this TED Video:

Mobile phones in Sri Lanka: Everyman’s new trousers?

Mobile phones - social leveller in Sri Lanka

Mobile phones - social leveller in Sri Lanka

Mobile Phones in Sri Lanka: Everyman’s new trousers?

This is the title of my latest op ed essay, published this week on Groundviews, the leading citizen journalism website in Sri Lanka.

In this, I try to place in a social and cultural context a series of discriminatory laws, regulations and taxes that my native Sri Lanka has introduced – or threatened – in the past few months all aimed at mobile phones, and only mobiles.

This, despite the fact that the proliferation of mobiles has brought telecom services within reach of millions of Sri Lankans in the past decade, helping raise the country’s overall tele-density (mobiles+fixed phones) to 54 telephones per 100 population. With over 11 million SIMs issued, mobiles today outnumber fixed phones by three to one.

In my essay, I cite specific examples, and ask the crucial questions:

Why is this already licensed and regulated technology often targeted for ‘special treatment’ by different arms of government?

Where is this wide-spread suspicion and hostility towards mobiles coming from?

I argue that it is rear-guard action by the traditional elite and bureaucracy who’d rather not allow such digital empowerment to spread. And this has historical parallels.

Here’s the crux of it:

“There is a numerically small (but influential) privileged class that resents information and communication access becoming universal. They might talk glibly in public on using ICTs for social development or poverty reduction. But back inside the corridors of power, they make policies and regulations to undermine the very utility of these tools. This is no accident.

“The mobile phone is the biggest social leveller in Sri Lankan society since the trouser became ubiquitous (initially for men, and belatedly for women). Our elders can probably recall various arguments heard 30 or 40 years ago on who should be allowed to wear the western garb: it was okay for the educated and/or wealthy mahattayas, but not for the rest. Absurd and hilarious as these debates might seem today, they were taken very seriously at the time.

“Make no mistake: the mobile is the trouser of our times –- and thus becomes the lightning rod for class tensions, petty jealousies and accumulated frustrations of an elite that sees the last vestiges of control slipping away.

Read the full essay on Groundviews

Relevant to this discussion is a short film that TVE Asia Pacific produced for LIRNEasia in late 2007, summarising the findings of the latter’s large sample survey on tele-use at the bottom of the pyramid in five emerging markets (which included Sri Lanka).

TVEAP News, Nov 2007: Film highlights telephone revolution in Asia’s emerging markets

Watch the film online:

Teleuse@BOP – Part 1 of 2

Teleuse@BOP – Part 2 of 2

Photo courtesy TVE Asia Pacific

I just called to say….I love my mobile phone!

On this World Telecommunication and Information Society Day (May 17), I have a confession to make. I carry a murder weapon on my person every day and night, and I go to bed with it next to me within easy reach. I rely on it for my work, my leisure and my pleasure. And I won’t part with it under any circumstances.

Neither would more than 3.3 billion people worldwide — or half of humanity.

I’m talking about the humble and increasingly ubiquitous mobile phone, now the world’s most widely used and fastest spreading consumer technology item.

And if any paranoid law enforcement agency worries about its murder potential…relax, people – we are talking figuratively here!

How come it’s a murder weapon when it has no sharp edges and is too light weight to do much damage?

What the mobile has already stabbed, and is in the process of effectively finishing off, is the development sector’s over-hyped and under-delivered phenomenon called the ‘telecentre’.

For those outside the charmed development circles (which is most of humanity), the Wikipedia describes telecentre as “a public place where people can access computers, the Internet and other digital technologies that enable people to gather information, create, learn and communicate with others while they develop essential 21st century digital skills.”

So how is the mobile phone slowly killing the telecentres, into which governments, the United Nations agencies and other development organisations have pumped tens of millions of dollars of development aid money in the past decade?

Well, it’s rapidly making telecentres redundant by putting most or all of their services into literally pocket-sized units. If everyone could carry around a miniaturised, personalised gadget that has the added privacy value, why visit a community access point?

At least this is the persuasive point made by LIRNEasia researcher Helani Galpaya, who made a presentation in September 2007 at the Annenberg School for Communication in the US.

Courtesy Joy of Tech

She argued that, although telecentres, which have become the bright “stars” in many e-development programs in Asian countries, do have a role to play in providing ‘higher’-end citizen services to people at the bottom of the pyramid (BOP) in India, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Philippines and Thailand, telephones are the cheaper, immediate and ubiquitous tool for Asian governments to inform, transact and interact with almost 400 million of their most needy citizens.

And in these emerging Asian economies, when we talk of telephones it’s predominantly mobiles. In my native Sri Lanka, for example, there were 10.7 million phone subscribers by end 2007 – of them, almost 8 million were mobile users. Mobiles outnumber fixed phones by 3 to 1, and the disparity continues to widen.

Mobile kills the telecentre star‘ was the title of Helani’s presentation – it’s a play on a 1979 song celebrating the golden era of radio, “Video killed the radio star.” For the trivia buffs, it was the first music video shown on MTV.

The song has been the subject of various parodies, and Helani’s isn’t the first or last. But in this instance, I would heartily cheer the rapid demise of the telecentre, which is both conceptually and operationally flawed in many developing countries where it has been tried out. (While at it, let me repeat something that baffles me: how is it that not a single development donor or UN agency foresaw the phenomenal rise of mobile phones in the majority world, and instead bet all their ICT money on computers and internet? And why can’t some of them still appreciate the potential of mobiles, keep harping on obsolete telecentres and other troubled initiatives like One Laptop Per Child?).

It’s also worth noting that hard core development activists were initially against mobile phones, arguing instead for more public payphones, especially in rural areas. Only very recently have they started acknowledging that, just maybe, mobile phone can create or improve jobs, generate incomes and move millions out of poverty. In the humanitarian sector, as I wrote in October 2007, aid workers are still uncertain how to make best use of mobiles in their relief work.

Why are mobile phones somehow not ‘sexy enough’ for these men and women in suits who typically look at our real world problems from 33,000 feet above the ground?

But hey, why bother with doomed concepts like telecentres, when we can instead discuss about the lively and vibrant mobiles? (When the telecentres finally die after being kept on life support by gullible aid donors for a few more years, I hope to write a suitable obituary.)

Meanwhile, who’s afraid of mobile phones except the failed prophets of development and unimaginative humanitarian workers? There’s a handful of crusty, old fashioned people, usually those who can’t figure out just how to use the new fangled devices that do a lot more than just talk. Then there are tyrannical governments who fear the power of instant communication being in the hands of their own people.

The rest of us have now adjusted to Life After the Mobile Arrived. We may love it, or love to hate it — but can we imagine life without it?

And since we’re a blog about moving images, here’s a short film that I wrote and TVE Asia Pacific produced for LIRNEasia in late 2007. It was filmed in the Philippines and Sri Lanka, and was based on
LIRNEasia’s path-breaking 2006 survey on telephone use at the bottom of the pyramid in emerging Asia. We
premiered at the 3rd Global Knowledge conference in Kuala Lumpur in December 2007.

The film’s synopsis reads:
With the next billion telecom users expected mainly from the emerging markets, we urgently need to understand telecom use, especially at the bottom of the pyramid. Who is using what devices for which purposes — and how much are they willing or able to pay? Capturing highlights of LIRNEasia’s 2006 survey in India, Pakistan, the Philippines, Sri Lanka and Thailand, this film shows that when it comes to phone use, the poor are not very different from anyone else.

Teleuse@BOP Part 1 of 2

Teleuse@BOP Part 2 of 2

And now, just when you think I’m a harmless mobile junkie, here’s my real confession:
I own more than one mobile phone (hey, doesn’t everybody?) and stashed away in my travel bag I have a collection of SIM cards with active mobile accounts in half a dozen Asian countries that I visit regularly.

One day soon, when there are enough people like myself moving across jealously guarded political borders, those ITU statistics on ICTs would become seriously skewed….

TVE Asia Pacific News: Film highlights telephone revolution in Asia’s emerging markets
Teleuse@BOP Film screened at GK3
LIRNEasia 2006 survey on telephone use at the bottom of the pyramid in emerging Asia

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